公司章程“另有规定”之司法裁判困境与出路

发布时间：2018-08-19 13:10

【摘要】：与1993年《公司法》相比，现行《公司法》有不少变化，其中最大的变化当属赋予了公司更大的自治权；而公司自治权的扩大，主要是通过设置诸如“公司章程另有规定的除外”（以下简称公司章程“另有规定”）之类的条款来实现的。现行《公司法》通过认可公司章程“另有规定”的形式，排除了原本应予适用的一些《公司法》条款；这样，作为市场主体的公司就可以在法律允许的范围内，根据自身的实际情况在公司章程中对公司内部事务作出事先安排，由此贯彻当事人意思自治的原则。然而，在公司实务中，因公司章程“另有规定”而经常引起纠纷；由于当事人的意思自治不能被推向极端，因而对这方面的纠纷，显然又不能简单地完全按照公司章程“另有规定”进行认定和处理。本文的主旨，即在于探究公司章程“另有规定”的司法裁判困境及其出路。全文除引言和结语外，分为五个部分。第一部分的目的在于提出本文研究的问题。本部分通过分析发现：现行《公司法》迎合时代需求，以认可公司章程“另有规定”的形式赋予了公司较大的自治权，但是，因相关理论的不完备及立法的不完善，法院在处理由公司章程“另有规定”而引起的纠纷中极易陷入困境。第二部分讨论了公司章程的性质；在此基础上论述了公司章程“另有规定”与《公司法》的关系。在理论界，关于公司章程性质的认识不一，存在“自治法说”、“契约说”等观点。本部分在评价这两种观点的基础上，对公司章程的性质作了揭示，认为公司章程兼具自治法和契约的属性。公司章程“另有规定”获致《公司法》的认同，从表面上看使得《公司法》与公司章程间的矛盾加剧，但事实上却使两者的关系更为密切。如何正确处理二者关系，关系到法院对公司章程“另有规定”纠纷的审理。第三部分探讨的是公司章程“另有规定”致司法裁判陷入困境的表现。在分析“周岩诉丰鹿公司案”的基础上，归纳出这方面的困境主要由初始章程与后续章程理论基础不一致、初始章程与后续章程在衔接上存在立法缺失、公司章程与《公司法》难以协调等导致。第四部分研究的是法院审理公司章程“另有规定”类案件中应遵循的原则。针对公司章程“另有规定”类案件具有复杂性的特点，结合现行《公司法》之立法精神，本部分提出，法院在审理此类案件时，应遵循尊重公司自治、宽缓与灵活相结合、追求实质正义等原则。第五部分涉及的是司法介入公司章程“另有规定”的制度建设问题。本部分认为：为尽可能预防因公司章程“另有规定”而引起的纠纷，可考虑由相关部门提供公司章程指引意见；为准确认定和处理公司章程“另有规定”案件，可考虑建立案例指导制度、引入经营判断规则等。
[Abstract]:Compared with the 1993 Company Law, there have been many changes in the present Company Law, the biggest of which is the granting of greater autonomy to the company, and the expansion of the autonomy of the company. This is mainly achieved by setting such provisions as "except as otherwise provided in the articles of Association" (hereinafter referred to as "articles of Association"). The current Company Law excludes some of the provisions of the Company Law that should be applied by recognizing the form of "otherwise provided for in the articles of Association of the Company," so that the company, as the main body of the market, can, to the extent permitted by law, According to the actual situation of the company, the internal affairs of the company are arranged beforehand in the articles of association, so as to implement the principle of party autonomy. However, in the practice of a company, disputes often arise because the articles of association "provide otherwise"; because the autonomy of the parties can not be pushed to the extreme, disputes in this respect arise. Obviously, we can not simply confirm and deal with the articles of association in accordance with the articles of association. The purpose of this paper is to explore the dilemma and outlet of the company's articles of association. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the full text is divided into five parts. The purpose of the first part is to put forward the problems studied in this paper. This part finds that the current Company Law caters to the needs of the times and gives the company greater autonomy in the form of recognizing the articles of association. However, due to the imperfection of relevant theories and legislation, The court is easy to get into trouble in dealing with disputes caused by the articles of association. The second part discusses the nature of the articles of association, and then discusses the relationship between the articles of association and the Company Law. In the theoretical circle, there are different views on the nature of the articles of association, such as "autonomy law" and "contract theory". Based on the evaluation of these two viewpoints, this part reveals the nature of the articles of association and holds that the articles of association have the attributes of autonomy law and contract. The articles of association "other provisions" have been approved by the Company Law, which on the surface intensifies the contradiction between the Company Law and the articles of Association, but in fact makes the relationship between the two more closely. How to correctly deal with the relationship between the two is related to the court's hearing of the dispute about the articles of association. The third part discusses the performance of the company's articles of association. Based on the analysis of the case of Zhou Yan v. Fenglu Company, it is concluded that the difficulties in this respect are mainly caused by the inconsistency of the theoretical basis of the initial articles of Association and the subsequent articles of Association, and the lack of legislation in the connection between the initial articles of Association and the subsequent articles of Association. The articles of association and the Company Law are difficult to coordinate and so on. The fourth part deals with the principles that should be followed in the trial of the company's articles of association. In view of the complexity of the cases of "other provisions" in the articles of Association, and in the light of the legislative spirit of the current Company Law, this part puts forward that the court should follow the principle of respecting the autonomy of the company and combining leniency and flexibility in the trial of such cases. The pursuit of substantive justice and other principles. The fifth part deals with the system construction of judicial intervention in the articles of association. This part holds that: in order to prevent as far as possible disputes arising from "otherwise stipulated" articles of association, the relevant departments may consider providing guidance advice on the articles of association, and in order to accurately identify and deal with cases of "otherwise stipulated" articles of association, Consideration can be given to the establishment of case guidance systems and the introduction of business judgment rules.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.291.91

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