我国荒漠化防治法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 08:20

本文选题：荒漠化　切入点：荒漠化防治　出处：《中南林业科技大学》2008年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：荒漠化是当今世界主要生态环境问题之一。荒漠化问题不但威胁整个人类的生存环境,也制约着全球经济的持续发展以及社会的稳定。我国是世界上荒漠化危害最严重的国家之一,荒漠化面积大,分布广。除干旱地区以外,半干旱和亚湿润干旱地区均有分布。荒漠化的产生除了自然因素以外,人类不合理的社会经济活动占主要部分,表现在滥垦,滥牧,滥伐,滥采以及滥用水资源。同时人口的不断增长,传统生活方式的落后,法律法规的不完善,经济发展水平较低以及环境保护意识差等各个因素也在不断加速着荒漠化的扩展。由于荒漠化过程引起土壤侵蚀,造成有机质和养分的损失,农田产量普遍下降,由此所造成的农牧业产量锐减,导致了巨大的经济损失,使得农牧民的生活更加贫困。另外,荒漠化的肆意扩展也对交通,生产建设设施以及人们的日常生活造成一定影响。更严重的是荒漠化导致地表裸露,提高了地表的反射率,成为全球气候变暖的重要原因之一,致使整个生态环境系统不断恶化。同时荒漠化问题还危害到人类的身体健康,危及社会的稳定以及经济的可持续发展。鉴于荒漠化日趋严重的发展态势,以及已经对我国经济的可持续发展和社会稳定造成的严重影响。从90年代起,中国政府把荒漠化防治正式纳入国民经济和社会发展计划,在全国范围有计划、大规模地开展了荒漠化防治工作,同时制订了一系列相关法律,来强化荒漠化防治。近年来,荒漠化防治工作成效显著,但由于荒漠化防治速度不及荒漠化的扩展速度,因而全国荒漠化范围每年仍在不断扩展。通过对荒漠化防治国际公约的研究,并借鉴其它国家在荒漠化防治领域的成功经验及措施,结合我国荒漠化发展的实际情况,充分分析了我国荒漠化防治在立法及执法中存在的诸多问题。比如立法方面体现为政府的权限不清,职责不明；产权不明,容易导致荒漠化防治利益主体冲突；公众参与机制操作性不强,不能充分调动非政府组织及个人参与荒漠化防治；生态效益补偿机制不完善；土地荒漠化监测预警体系不完善。执法方面体现为政府部门执法不严并且方法不当；经济支持不充分；违背自然规律。如何完善荒漠化防治的法律体系,改进执法,当前迫切需要明确政府权限和职责；同时明确产权制度,避免利益冲突；完善公众参与机制、生态效益补偿机制、以及荒漠化监测预警体系；同时进一步改进执法方式,并完善科技支撑体系。
[Abstract]:Desertification is one of the main ecological environmental problems in the world, which not only threatens the whole human survival environment, but also restricts the sustainable development of global economy and social stability. China is one of the countries with the most serious damage to desertification in the world. It has a large area and a wide distribution. Except for arid areas, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, desertification is produced in addition to natural factors. The irrational social and economic activities of human beings account for the main part, and are manifested in the following aspects: excessive reclamation, overgrazing, deforestation, excessive exploitation and misuse of water resources. At the same time, the population is growing continuously, the traditional way of life is lagging behind, and the laws and regulations are not perfect. The low level of economic development and poor awareness of environmental protection are also accelerating the expansion of desertification. As a result of soil erosion caused by the process of desertification, loss of organic matter and nutrients, and a general decline in farm yields, the resulting agricultural and animal husbandry yields have fallen sharply, resulting in significant economic losses and further impoverishment of farmers and herdsmen. The wanton expansion of desertification also has a certain impact on transportation, production and construction facilities and people's daily lives. What is more, desertification results in the exposed surface of the earth's surface, which increases the reflectivity of the surface and becomes one of the important causes of global warming. At the same time, the problem of desertification also endangers the health of human beings, the stability of society and the sustainable development of economy. In view of the growing trend of desertification and its serious impact on the sustainable economic development and social stability of our country... since 90s, the Chinese Government has formally incorporated desertification control into its national economic and social development plans, Desertification control has been carried out on a large scale in a planned way throughout the country, and a series of relevant laws have been formulated to strengthen desertification control. In recent years, the efforts to combat desertification have achieved remarkable results. However, because the speed of desertification control is not as fast as that of desertification, the scope of desertification in China is still expanding every year. Through the study of the international conventions on desertification control, and drawing on the successful experiences and measures of other countries in the field of desertification control, and taking into account the actual situation of the development of desertification in China, Many problems in the legislation and enforcement of desertification control in China are fully analyzed, such as the unclear authority of the government, the unclear responsibilities, the unclear property rights and the conflict of the main body of interest in desertification control. The mechanism of public participation is not strong enough to mobilize non-governmental organizations and individuals to participate in desertification control, and the compensation mechanism of ecological benefits is not perfect. The land desertification monitoring and early warning system is not perfect. The law enforcement is not strict and the method is improper; the economic support is not enough; it is against the natural law. How to perfect the legal system of desertification control and improve the law enforcement, there is an urgent need to clarify the authority and responsibility of the government; at the same time, to clarify the property rights system, to avoid conflicts of interest, to perfect the mechanism of public participation, and to compensate for ecological benefits. And desertification monitoring and early warning system; at the same time, further improve the law enforcement, and improve the science and technology support system.
【学位授予单位】：中南林业科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.68

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