论环境民事公益诉讼的理论困境

发布时间：2018-03-09 14:05

本文选题：环境公益诉讼　切入点：环境公益诉权　出处：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：环境公益诉讼的制度构建,应该以环境公益保护为核心着眼点,制度设计中每一部分的考量都要围绕环境利益本身的保护,而不是为了制度构建的方便而舍弃其宗旨。“环境民事公益诉讼”制度就是在呼吁改良民事诉讼的某些条件性规定来达到保护环境公益的目的,殊不知在传统民事诉讼理论基础上构建出来的环境公益诉讼制度无论如何也摆脱不了其保护私益的核心目的,无论是理论上的分析还是已有的司法实践探索,都可以看出冠之以“环境民事公益诉讼”的文章和案件所探讨和救济的都主要集中在与环境损害相关的人身权和财产权。制度设计的初衷与其所能达到的效果远不相符。 “环境民事公益诉讼”的诉讼利益应为私益,主要是人身利益和财产利益,当然地其诉权的权利基础也是民事法律中的人身权和财产权,这些都与环境公益的保护相去甚远。但如果扩大“诉之利益”理论的适用范围,使其不仅适用于民事诉讼,还适用于其他诉讼类型,那么就可以从公众的环境利益中推导出环境权中的环境社会权,这就为环境诉讼提供了实体性的权利基础,从而为构建大环境公益诉讼制度提供诉讼理论基础。 “环境民事公益诉讼”从原告角度而言,目前大多数学者借鉴美国公民诉讼的原告资格条件,主张我国在构建“环境民事公益诉讼”制度时,应该放宽《民事诉讼法》第108条关于“原告资格条件”的规定。但是民事诉讼本身就是以救济私权为主要目的,如果无限放宽原告条件,将会导致与民事诉讼基本理论的背离。而且,美国公民诉讼有其特殊的适用环境,美国判例法的灵活性以及遵从实用主义原则,使其可以随时在新的案件中设定必要的条件限制,而如果将此生搬硬套地移植到我国的法律体系中,将会导致法律规定与现实的脱节。因此,在中国环境公益诉讼制度的构建中应该建立大环境公益诉讼制度下的原告体系,包括公民个人、环保社会组织和各级检察机关。 “环境民事公益诉讼”从诉讼请求和救济体系来看,沿着民事诉讼基本理论的思路,私权保护的请求和救济必定是环境民事公益诉讼主要部分,那么环境公益本身如何得到救济。所以,也同样应该在大环境公益诉讼制度下确立清晰的诉讼请求内容和救济体系,包括针对普通环境侵害主体的诉讼请求和针对环保行政部门的诉讼请求,其救济体系包括消除危险、排除妨害、恢复原状、督促行政作为和抽象行政行为的效力认定。
[Abstract]:The system construction of environmental public interest litigation should focus on the environmental public welfare protection. The consideration of every part of the system design should revolve around the protection of environmental interests itself. "Environmental Civil Public interest Litigation" is to call for the improvement of certain conditions of civil litigation to achieve the purpose of protecting environmental public interest. However, I do not know that the environmental public interest litigation system, which is constructed on the basis of the traditional civil litigation theory, can not get rid of its core purpose of protecting private interests in any way, whether it is theoretical analysis or judicial practice exploration. It can be seen that the articles and cases of "Environmental Civil Public interest Litigation" mainly focus on the personal rights and property rights related to environmental damage. The original intention of the system design is far from the effect it can achieve. The litigation interests of "Environmental Civil Public interest Litigation" should be private interests, mainly personal interests and property interests. Of course, the right basis of its right of action is also the personal right and property right in civil law. These are very different from the protection of the environmental public good. But if the scope of application of the "interest of action" theory is expanded to apply not only to civil proceedings, but also to other types of litigation, Then the environmental and social rights in the environmental rights can be deduced from the environmental interests of the public, which provides a substantial right basis for environmental litigation and thus provides a theoretical basis for the construction of the system of environmental public interest litigation. "Environmental Civil Public interest Litigation" from the plaintiff's point of view, at present, most scholars draw lessons from the plaintiff qualification conditions of American citizens' litigation, and advocate that our country should construct the system of "Environmental Civil Public interest Litigation". Article 108 of the Code of Civil procedure should be relaxed with regard to the "qualification conditions for the plaintiff." but the main purpose of the civil action itself is to remedy private rights. If the conditions of the plaintiff are relaxed indefinitely, It will lead to deviations from the basic theory of civil action. Moreover, American citizen litigation has its special application environment, the flexibility of American case law and the principle of pragmatism. So that they can set the necessary conditions and restrictions in new cases at any time, and if this is mechanically transplanted into our legal system, it will lead to the disconnection between the legal provisions and the reality. In the construction of China's environmental public interest litigation system, the plaintiff system should be established, including individual citizens, environmental protection social organizations and procuratorial organs at all levels. "Environmental Civil Public interest Litigation" from the point of view of litigation request and relief system, along with the basic theory of civil litigation, the request and relief of private right protection must be the main part of environmental civil public interest litigation. Well, how does the environmental public interest itself get relief? therefore, it is also necessary to establish a clear litigation request content and relief system under the general environmental public interest litigation system. The relief system includes the elimination of danger, the removal of obstruction, the restoration of the status quo ante, and the determination of the effectiveness of administrative action and abstract administrative act.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68;D925.1

【引证文献】