突发环境事件中的公民权利保护

发布时间：2018-03-28 16:24

本文选题：突发环境事件　切入点：公民权利保护　出处：《中南林业科技大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：在全球经济快速发展的同时,环境不断恶化,现已经进入突发环境事件频发阶段,因此各国政府加强突发环境事件的治理。由于突发环境事件的特殊性,政府在应对突发环境事件的过程中享有一定的行政应急权,这种权力具有两面性,一方面能够及时应对突发环境事件,但是另一方面也可能侵犯公民的权利,从而突发环境事件中公民权利保护引起各国的关注,我国也不例外。突发环境事件的发生引发一种非正常状态,即行政应急状态。在行政应急状态下,公民权利的保护涉及到的主要是行政机关在应对突发环境事件中对行政应急权的规范与公民权利保护的问题。一方面,由于行政应急权的集中性、扩张性等自身的特点,再加上突发环境事件应对的复杂性与紧迫性,造成了行政应急状态中应急权力的模糊性与监督机制的不健全,如果不对其进行规范与限制,就很容易出现行政应急权侵害公民权利的情况。另一方面,突发环境事件中,公民权利遭到行政机关的侵害需要对其进行及时的救济,而行政复议、行政诉讼、行政赔偿、行政补偿能否在行政应急状态下正常运行在理论与实践中还存有一定的争议,如果不能通过有效的途径来维护公民的权利,想最大化地保护公民权利就很难实现。纵观国外一些国家,如美国、日本,应急法制起步较早,也更多地体现出了公民权利的保护,其原因就是应急法制、体制、机制相对比较完善,为公民权利的保护提供了保障。而我国的突发环境事件中的公民权利保护的立法比较分散,还未形成完善的法律体系,虽然《突发事件应对法》中更多地体现了公民权利的保护,但还是难以克服在突发环境事件中行政应急权的限制与公民救济制度方面的缺陷。要想更好地保护突发环境事件中的公民权利,在行政应急权的限制方面,就要使行政应急权获得明确且充分的授权,并确立其底线,再以权力的审查与监督机制为保障。在公民权利的保护方面,首先要明确基本的人权原则,其次,要通过行政复议、行政诉讼、行政赔偿与行政补偿制度的完善来完善公民权利的救济制度,使其在突发环境事件中也能正常运作。而突发环境事件中行政应急权的限制与公民权利的保护只有统一于突发环境事件应急法制,才能最大限度地保护公民权利,所以,还要通过完善突发环境事件的法律体系与应急机制使突发环境事件应急法制得以完善,才能最大化地保护公民的权利。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the global economy, the environment continues to deteriorate, and has now entered the stage of frequent environmental emergencies. Therefore, governments of various countries have strengthened the governance of environmental emergencies. Because of the particularity of environmental emergencies, The government has certain administrative emergency rights in the process of responding to environmental emergencies. This power has two sides. On the one hand, it can deal with environmental emergencies in a timely manner, but on the other hand, it may also violate the rights of citizens. Thus, the protection of civil rights in environmental emergencies has attracted the attention of all countries, China is no exception. The occurrence of unexpected environmental events leads to an abnormal state, that is, the administrative emergency state. In the administrative emergency state, The protection of civil rights is mainly related to the regulation of administrative emergency rights and the protection of civil rights in dealing with environmental emergencies. On the one hand, due to the centrality and expansibility of administrative emergency rights, In addition, the complexity and urgency of dealing with unexpected environmental events have resulted in the fuzziness of emergency power and the unsoundness of supervision mechanism in administrative emergency situations, if they are not regulated and restricted, On the other hand, in a sudden environmental incident, the violation of civil rights by administrative organs requires timely relief, and administrative reconsideration, administrative litigation, administrative compensation, Whether the administrative compensation can run normally in the state of administrative emergency still has some controversy in theory and practice. If we can not protect the rights of citizens through effective ways, it is difficult to maximize the protection of civil rights. Looking back at some foreign countries, such as the United States and Japan, the emergency legal system started earlier, and more reflected the protection of civil rights. The reason is that the emergency legal system, the system, and the mechanism are relatively perfect. It provides a guarantee for the protection of civil rights. However, the legislation on the protection of civil rights in unexpected environmental events in China is relatively scattered and has not yet formed a perfect legal system. Although the Law on Emergency response more embodies the protection of civil rights, it is still difficult to overcome the limitation of administrative emergency right and the defect of citizen relief system in unexpected environmental events. In order to better protect the civil rights in environmental emergencies, it is necessary to make the administrative emergency rights be authorized clearly and fully, and establish its bottom line in the aspect of the restriction of administrative emergency rights. In the protection of civil rights, first of all, it is necessary to clarify the basic human rights principles, and secondly, through administrative review, administrative litigation, The perfection of administrative compensation and administrative compensation system to perfect the relief system of citizens' rights, The restriction of administrative emergency rights and the protection of civil rights in environmental emergencies can only be unified in the emergency legal system of environmental emergencies to maximize the protection of civil rights. Only by perfecting the legal system and the emergency mechanism of environmental emergencies can the legal system of environmental emergencies be perfected in order to maximize the protection of citizens' rights.
【学位授予单位】：中南林业科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68;D922.1

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