生态价值指导下的森林法重构

发布时间：2018-04-13 22:18

本文选题：生态优先 + 可持续发展　；参考：《中国政法大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 森林具有多种功能,这些功能大致可以划分为经济功能、社会功能和生态功能三类。其中生态功能是森林诸多功能之中最基础和本原的功能,森林生态功能的损害不仅影响到森林经济功能和社会功能的提供,甚至还影响到气候的变化和人类生存环境的变化。为了实现森林生态系统的健康发展,我们必须重新审视人类与森林之间的关系。注重森林的生态价值,要求人类尊重森林生态系统的内在价值,尊重客观生态规律。森林生态系统有着自己独立的物质循环和能量流动规律,人类开发利用森林资源的行为不得破坏森林生态系统的平衡状态。因此,森林管理制度应当充分考虑森林生态规律,最大限度地保持森林生态系统的完整和平衡。现行《森林法》更倾向于将森林的工具价值作为立法的指导理念,相关管理制度的制定缺乏对生态规律的尊重。因此,基于生态价值的指导,在尊重生态规律的前提下,应对现行森林法律制度进行检视和重构。 “天然林”具有最好的蓄水保土、防风固沙、涵养水源以及生物多样性保护等生态功能,但在集体林权改革的过程中很多“天然林”被替换为生态功能差而经济效益好的“人工纯林”,人们在收获木材和其它森林果实的同时却面临着洪涝灾害频频爆发的危险。笔者认为,应当制定“天然林保护制度”,将“天然林保护工程”上升为法律制度以加大对天然林的保护。根据森林不同属性和用途将森林划分为两类:商品林和公益林,实行分类管理。同时将具有生态公益性质的森林收归国有,避免集体林地承包后“天然林”被替换的危险。完善森林生态效益补偿制度,保证公益林区居民的基本生活条件,实现不同区域间的生态公平。 “森林之火”在不构成“森林火灾”的前提下,对森林肌体的健康是有益的。“森林防火制度”杜绝一切森林之火的发生是违背森林生态规律的,杜绝一切林火的存在往往是导致森林火灾的主要原因,笔者认为应将“森林防火制度”改为“林火管理制度”。在以生态价值为价值取向的立法思想的指导下,笔者对森林资产评估和林权登记制度、林业重点工程的管理、林业长远规划和森林经营方案、林地征用制度、林业工作站的法律地位、森林公安的管理体制、森林公园管理制度、森林资源培育制度、森林资源利用制度以及森林认证制度等进行了梳理和重构,进一步完善对森林生态系统的管理和保护。
[Abstract]:Forest has many functions, which can be divided into economic function, social function and ecological function.Ecological function is the most basic and original function of forest. The damage of forest ecological function not only affects the provision of forest economic and social functions, but also affects the climate change and the change of human living environment.In order to realize the healthy development of forest ecosystem, we must re-examine the relationship between human beings and forests.Paying attention to the ecological value of forest requires that human beings respect the intrinsic value of forest ecosystem and the objective ecological law.Forest ecosystem has its own independent laws of material circulation and energy flow. Human exploitation and utilization of forest resources should not destroy the balance of forest ecosystem.Therefore, forest management system should take full account of forest ecological law, and maintain the integrity and balance of forest ecosystem to the maximum extent.The present Forest Law is more inclined to regard the instrumental value of forest as the guiding concept of legislation, and the establishment of relevant management system lacks respect for ecological laws.Therefore, based on the guidance of ecological value and under the premise of respecting ecological laws, the present forest legal system should be examined and reconstructed.The "natural forest" has the best ecological functions, such as water storage and soil conservation, wind and sand prevention, water conservation and biodiversity conservation, etc.However, in the process of collective forest right reform, many "natural forests" have been replaced by "artificial pure forests" with poor ecological functions and good economic benefits. People are faced with the risk of frequent flood and waterlogging disasters while harvesting wood and other forest fruits.The author holds that "natural forest protection system" should be formulated, and "natural forest protection project" should be raised to legal system to increase the protection of natural forest.According to different properties and uses of forest, the forest is classified into two categories: commercial forest and public welfare forest.At the same time, the forest with ecological commonweal nature is nationalized to avoid the danger of "natural forest" being replaced after collective forest land contract.Improve the compensation system of forest ecological benefits, ensure the basic living conditions of residents in public welfare forest areas, and realize ecological equity among different regions.Forest fire is beneficial to the health of forest body on the premise that it does not constitute forest fire.The "forest fire prevention system" to prevent all forest fires from occurring is contrary to the ecological laws of the forest, and the existence of all forest fires is often the main cause of forest fires.The author thinks that "forest fire prevention system" should be changed to "forest fire management system".Under the guidance of the legislative thought of taking ecological value as the value orientation, the author gives an analysis of the forest assets assessment and forest property registration system, the management of key forestry projects, the long-term plan of forestry and forest management, the system of forest land expropriation.The legal status of forestry workstation, the management system of forest public security, forest park management system, forest resource cultivation system, forest resource utilization system and forest certification system are sorted out and reconstructed.We will further improve the management and protection of forest ecosystems.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D922.63;F326.2

【引证文献】