论动物民事法律地位

发布时间：2018-05-14 03:08

本文选题：动物 + 民事主体　；参考：《西南政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：什么是动物?在自然世界中动物所居地位何如?在社会中动物所居地位又何如?这一连串的疑问并非凭空而来,人类所面临的环境危机使飞速发展的经济文化与因循守旧的价值观之间的冲突凸显出来,成为催生环境危机的主要原因;人类对经济利益的无限追求使得动物成为被利用的工具、被拥有的财富、被开发的资源;人类对精神空虚的恐惧使得动物成为被虐待的对象、被残杀的目标。作为自然界的生物种群之一,人类本应对其他生命报以尊重与关怀、理性与仁爱,而不是冷漠的心肠和暴戾的手段。人类对社会应当做到主而不宰,不做到对动物的关爱和尊重又何以做到关怀与尊重人类自身? 国外最早对动物进行关怀的法律文件可追溯至1822年的《马丁法案》,随后各国陆续开始对动物福利进行立法的进程。我国与动物有关的相关立法并不多,相对而言较为完整的是《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》,同时也有一些与动物有关的法律条文零星散见于其他法律之中。但无论是国外所积极倡导的动物福利立法,还是国内有针对性的对野生动物保护的立法,均未能达到最佳效果,即有效的关怀与尊重动物。究其原因,是因为动物具有十分特殊的性质,它们既不是物体,也不是人类,而是一类具有生命的生物体、是有感知能力与喜乐意识的生物体。若将其作为客体进行保护,无疑是将其视为物体一般的人类附属品、利用对象;若将其作为主体进行保护,又会在道德伦理界掀起轩然大波。一时之间,难以定位。仔细思考,是因为没有正确把握如何对待动物的原则与方针。传统观念是将对待动物的方针定位为“保护”,而“保护”的隐含意义是侧重于将其视为弱势群体、视为人类的利益工具和资源财富,故一旦要对动物赋予权利,势必引起传统价值领域的“地震”。而如果解放思想、实事求是,便应当将对待动物的方针定位为“尊重和关怀”,“尊重”的隐含意义是侧重于将其作为自然界与人类平等的生物体而对待,“关怀”的隐含意义是人类基于社会创造者的地位而言,此时要对动物赋予权利,便是顺理成章之事。文章综合运用了文献调查法、文献分析法、统计法、归纳法、预测法、功能分析法、探索性研究法。正文分为四部分。以“发现问题——分析问题——解决问题”为主线,首先通过第一部分“我国民事主体制度概览”对民事主体制度的相关定义、发展轨迹、制度内部关系、判断标准作总结分析;紧接着通过第二部分“国内外相关理论实践概览”一方面从立法实践上对英国、美国、新西兰、中国香港地区的相关立法进行总结归纳,另一方面从理论探讨上就“动物法律人格”的三种学说作简要分析,同时辅之以国外经典判例与对国内动物保护事件的图标说明,以佐证我国应赋动物以民事主体资格的观点;随后在第三部分“我国动物民事主体地位建立之必要性与可行性分析”中强调构建动物民事主体地位将有利于维持社会秩序、弥补道德关怀、提升国民素质、弘扬民族文化传统,并对反对赋予动物民事主体地位的论点一一进行驳斥;最后在第四部分“动物民事主体地位构建之具体方案”中提出了两个解决途径,其一为对生物格制度的创设,其二为对类人格制度的承认。
[Abstract]:What is an animal? What is the status of the animal in the natural world? What is the status of the animal in the society? This series of questions is not come out of the air. The environmental crisis facing mankind has made the rapid development of the economic culture and the clash between the old values and the main cause of the environmental crisis. The infinite pursuit of economic benefits makes animals become the tools used, the wealth they have, the resources they have been developed, the human fear of mental emptiness, the object of being abused and the target of being killed. As one of the biological species of nature, human beings should have respect and care for other lives, reason and love, It is not the heart of indifference and the violent means. Human beings should do the main and not kill the society, and do not care for and respect the animals, and how to care for and respect the human beings themselves?
The earliest legal documents for animal care in foreign countries can be traced back to the "Martin act" in 1822. Subsequently, countries began to legislate for animal welfare. There are few related legislation related to animals in our country. The relatively complete "People's Republic of China wildlife protection law" is relatively complete. At the same time, there are some with animals. The legal provisions of the customs are scattered in other laws. However, whether the animal welfare legislation actively advocated by foreign countries, or the domestic legislation on the protection of wild animals, has failed to achieve the best effect, that is, effective care and respect for animals. The reason is that they have very special nature for animals, they are neither. An object, not a human being, but a living organism, is an organism with a sense of perception and a sense of joy. If it is protected as an object, it will undoubtedly be regarded as an object of human appendage and use objects; if it is protected as a subject, it will set off a great wave in the moral and ethical circles. For a moment, it is difficult. It is because there is no correct understanding of the principles and principles of how to treat animals. The traditional idea is to place the policy of treating animals as "protection", while the implied meaning of "protection" is to focus on the disadvantaged group, as the tool of human interests and the wealth of resources, so once the animal is given the right to the animal, it is bound to be entitled. The "earthquake" in the traditional value field, and if the thought of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, we should regard the policy of treating animals as "respect and care". The implied meaning of "respect" is to treat it as an organism equal to the nature and human beings. The implied meaning of "care" is the place where human beings are based on the social creators. At the moment, it is logical to endow animals with rights.
The article uses literature survey, literature analysis, statistics, induction, prediction, functional analysis and exploratory research. The text is divided into four parts. The main line is "finding problems - analyzing problems - solving problems". First, the first part of the "survey of the civil subject system of China" is related to the correlation of the civil subject system. The definition, the development track, the internal relationship of the system and the judgment standard are summarized and analyzed. The relevant legislation of Britain, the United States, New Zealand and Hongkong, on the one hand, is summarized through the second part of "the overview of relevant theories and practices at home and abroad" on the one hand, and on the other hand, on the other hand, the "animal legal personality" is discussed from the theoretical discussion. A brief analysis of the three doctrines is made, supplemented by the classic foreign jurisprudence and the icons of the domestic animal protection events, in order to testify the view that our country should be entitled to the subject of the civil subject, and then in the third part "the necessity and feasibility analysis of the establishment of animal civil subject status in China" emphasizes the construction of the civil subject status of the animal. It will help to maintain the social order, make up for the moral concern, improve the national quality, carry forward the national cultural tradition, and refute the arguments against the status of the animal's civil subject, and finally put forward two solutions in the fourth part of "the concrete plan for the establishment of animal civil subject status", one of which is the system of biologic system. It is created and the second is the recognition of the system of class personality.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68;D923

【参考文献】