环境侵权民事诉讼问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-02 02:17

本文选题：环境侵权 + 诉讼主体　；参考：《西南政法大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 自近代英国工业革命以来随着科学技术的飞速发展,人类对自然的改造越发肆无忌惮,全球的环境污染问题日趋严重。中国自改革开放以来,人民群众在生活质量不断提高的同时,对环境质量要求也越来越高。但从总体上说,我国目前的环境形势还相当严峻,城市环境污染仍在加剧,并向农村蔓延,生态破坏的范围仍在扩大。环境损害事件的频频发生对传统的民法理论,特别是侵权法理论产生了很大冲击。权力是法律关系的核心内容。“传统的环境法于污染防治法,其主要内容是对人类特定行为的限制,以义务性规范为主.而对主体的权利规定并不十分明确,作为调整平等主体间民事法律关系的民法,在通过解决一部分人污染环境造成另一部分人受损.追究加害人的民事责任,实现社会公正方面应有更大的作为."在计划经济时代,过分强调公法的作用,习惯于行政手段,而忽视了私法的作用,对私权的保护不够,不重视用民法来保护环境,因而在我国的环境保护的历程上曾有过曲折。随着社会主义市场经济体制的初步建立,更随着可持续发展观念的深入人心,人民群众参与环境保护的热情越来越高,在已有的刑法、行政法规的基础上,怎样通过民法赋予人民群众更多的民事权利越发重要。保护环境是民事主体的法定义务,不得侵犯他人的环境权利是环境法的禁止性规范,违反了这种义务,就构成了侵犯环境权的民事责任。环境侵权民事责任不同于一般民事侵权责任,亦有别于国家赔偿责任、法人赔偿责任等为他人的侵权行为负责的替代责任,是一种特殊侵权责任。研究环境侵权的特点及环境侵权民事责任的特殊性,对改进立法及司法实践均有重要意义。伴随中国经济高速增长而日益严重化的环境污染与破坏,特别是工业化和城市化的大规模展开,由环境污染和生态破坏所造成的环境侵权现象及其救济日益严重。可以预料,因环境污染和破坏而产生的环境侵权与民事救济将成为今后中国一大社会问题。环境侵权是一种特殊的侵权,同传统的民事侵权相比,无论从法理、立法、救济功能与方式等方面都有很多不同之处。面对此种侵权,传统侵权法势必将作重大修正和发展。目前我国法学界对环境侵权与救济理论的研究为数尚少,有关立法更不完备,对此问题开展深人的研究很有必要。实体法追求的价值要通过程序法予以保障实现,环境污染在我国日益成为非常严重的社会问题,而环境侵权诉讼作为一种特殊的侵权诉讼亦是当今人民比较关注的诉讼,是环境侵权的受害人为保护自己的人身和财产权益,依法向人民法院对污染和破坏环境造成其权益损害的行为人提起的损害赔偿诉讼。它作为现代工业经济时代兴起的一种诉讼制度,在许多方面都对传统民事诉讼进行了发展。长期以来,我国立法和法学理论研究上,关于环境侵权民事诉讼问题并未明确,给司法实践在适用法律上带来困难。因此,厘清环境侵权民事诉讼的具体问题,对构建和完善我国环境侵权民事责任制度、有效的保障当事人的环境权益具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文结合民事诉讼法和环境保护法的有关知识,先具体阐述了环境侵权的概念和特征,明确其不同于一般侵权行为的特殊性,进而基于其特殊性对环境污染侵权诉讼中的当事人确定、诉讼标的、诉讼证明和诉讼时效等问题,结合国内外理论与司法实践加以分析,并参照民事诉讼法的有关规定,指出其中与一般民事侵权诉讼的不同所在,并提出改善建议,以期对环境污染侵权诉讼的理解及完善有所帮助,从而规范审判实践中人民法院对该类案件的审理。
[Abstract]:Since the modern British Industrial Revolution, with the rapid development of science and technology, human transformation of nature has become more unscrupulous, and the global environmental pollution problem is becoming more and more serious. Since the reform and opening up, the people have been improving the quality of life, while the quality of the environment is getting higher and higher. The environmental situation is still very severe, the environmental pollution of the city is still intensifying and spreading to the countryside. The scope of the ecological damage is still expanding. The frequent occurrence of environmental damage has made a great impact on the traditional theory of civil law, especially the theory of tort law. Power is the core of the legal relationship. "The traditional environmental law is the principal of pollution prevention and control law. The content is to restrict the specific behavior of human beings, mainly by the compulsory norms. The rights of the subject are not very clear. As the civil law of adjusting the civil legal relationship between the equal subjects, the civil liability of the other part of the people is damaged by solving the pollution of a part of the people. In the era of planned economy, "in the era of planned economy, overemphasizing the role of public law, used to administrative means, ignoring the role of private law, not protecting private rights, ignoring the protection of the environment with civil law, it has been tortuous in the course of environmental protection in our country. With the initial establishment of the socialist market economic system, it is more available." The concept of sustainable development is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The enthusiasm of the people to participate in environmental protection is becoming more and more high. On the basis of the existing criminal law and administrative regulations, how to give more civil rights to the people through civil law is more important.
The protection of the environment is the legal obligation of the civil subject, and the violation of the environmental rights of others is a prohibitive norm of the environmental law. It violates this obligation and constitutes a civil liability for the infringement of the right to the environment. The replacement responsibility responsible for the right behavior is a special tort liability. It is of great significance to study the characteristics of environmental tort and the particularity of the civil liability for environmental tort, which is of great significance to improving the legislation and judicial practice.
With the rapid growth of China's economy, environmental pollution and destruction, especially the large-scale expansion of industrialization and urbanization, environmental torts and their relief caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction are becoming increasingly serious. It is expected that environmental torts and civil remedies resulting from environmental pollution and destruction will become the future. China is a big social problem. Environmental tort is a special kind of tort. Compared with the traditional civil tort, there are many differences in legal, legislative, relief functions and ways. In the face of this kind of tort, the traditional tort law will certainly make major amendments and development. At present, the research on the theory of environmental tort and relief in the legal circle of China The number of legislation is far from complete. It is necessary to conduct in-depth research on this issue.
The value pursued by the substantive law should be guaranteed through procedural law, and environmental pollution is becoming a very serious social problem in our country. As a special tort litigation, environmental tort litigation is also a lawsuit which the people pay more attention to today. It is the victims of environmental tort to protect their personal and property rights and interests, and to the people according to law. The court has brought about the litigation of damages for the perpetrator of pollution and damage to its rights and interests. As a lawsuit system arising in the era of modern industrial economy, it has developed the traditional civil action in many respects. For a long time, China's legislative and legal theories have studied the problems of civil litigation on environmental tort. It is clear that judicial practice brings difficulties in the application of law. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarify the specific problems of civil litigation in environmental tort, to construct and improve the civil liability system of environmental tort in China and to guarantee the environmental rights and interests of the parties.
This article, based on the relevant knowledge of civil procedure law and environmental protection law, first concretely expounds the concept and characteristics of environmental tort, and makes clear that it is different from the special nature of the general tort, and then, based on its particularity, determines the parties in the tort litigation of environmental pollution, the subject of litigation, the proof of litigation and the limitation of action, and so on. The theory and judicial practice are analyzed, and according to the relevant provisions of the civil procedure law, it points out the difference between the civil tort litigation and the general civil tort litigation, and puts forward the suggestions for improvement so as to help the understanding and improvement of the environmental pollution tort litigation so as to standardize the trial of such cases by the civil law academy in the trial practice.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.68;D925.1

【引证文献】