习惯权利视角的生态补偿研究

发布时间：2018-06-05 11:26

本文选题：生态补偿 + 生态系统服务　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 随着我国对于生态保护工作的不断重视,生态补偿作为改善生态环境的有效措施正在被越来越多地应用。很多生态补偿项目的实施确实取得了很好的生态效果。但与此同时也出现了一些问题。在很多生态补偿项目实施后,伴随着传统生活方式的解体,生态保护地居民的生活水平并没有得到明显的提升,反而下降。他们与生态相关的利益被损害。生态补偿项目涉及的居民人口数众多,这种普遍存在的居民利益受损现象是一个需要严肃面对的重要的社会、经济问题。本文将会对于这些问题的原因从习惯权利的视角加以探寻和分析。首先本文会对于生态补偿中存在的作为“目的”的补偿和作为“手段”的补偿的两种含义的补偿进行剖析,对其区别和联系进行讨论,指出作为“手段”的补偿所要解决的是“人类内部的生态及相关利益关系”问题,这个问题恰恰也是法学本身擅长的研究领域,所以本文的论述更多地着眼于作为“手段”的补偿的研究。其次,本文通过论证指出：生态补偿的供需方对于生态系统服务的交易(自由的或者政府主导的)是作为“手段”的补偿在处理人类内部与生态相关利益关系时最基本的行为模式和手段。并从生态资源交易的角度来重新定义和分析生态补偿,使得我们可以更清晰地认识生态补偿在实践层面的运行过程和模式以及认识到行政性生态补偿本身也是政府主导下的一种生态及其相关利益的交易。从而帮助我们从新的角度更深入地探寻现有的生态补偿所存在的问题的原因。最为重要的是,本文从习惯权利的视角对于现有的生态补偿理论和实践进行了批评。这些理论和实践仅仅关注法定权利而忽视习惯权利,这是供方居民利益受损、生活水平下降的重要原因。本文将论证生态补偿不仅仅影响和伤害了生态补偿供方居民的法定权利,而且伤害到了他们的习惯权利。并且本文还将在生态补偿的背景下,对于习惯权利的种类、特点、重要性、与传统生活方式的关系及其损害后果进行了充分的论述。在此基础上,本文最后会对于我们国家今后的生态补偿实践提出一些具体的建议以保护特定居民的习惯权利。在行政性生态补偿方面：应当在项目之前对于供方居民习惯权利进行充分调查；行政决策应当更多地尊重供方居民的交易意愿；增设生态补偿听证程序等。以使得行政性生态补偿更全面地考虑生态补偿供方居民的各种利益。另外,我们需要为生态补偿的市场化提供更多条件。
[Abstract]:With the development of ecological protection in China, ecological compensation, as an effective measure to improve ecological environment, is being applied more and more. The implementation of many ecological compensation projects has indeed achieved very good ecological effects. But at the same time, there are some problems. After the implementation of many ecological compensation projects, with the disintegration of the traditional way of life, the living standards of the residents in the ecological protection areas have not been significantly improved, but have declined. Their ecological interests are compromised. Ecological compensation project involves a large number of residents, this widespread phenomenon of damage to the interests of residents is an important social and economic problem that needs to be seriously faced. This paper will explore and analyze the causes of these problems from the perspective of customary rights. First of all, this paper will analyze the two meanings of compensation as "ends" and "means" in ecological compensation, and discuss its differences and connections. It is pointed out that compensation as a "means" should solve the problem of "ecology and related interests within human beings", which is precisely the research field of law itself. Therefore, this thesis focuses more on the study of compensation as a means. Secondly, This paper points out that the transaction (free or government-led) of ecosystem services by the supply and demand side of ecological compensation is the most basic in dealing with the relationship between human and ecological related interests as a "means". The behavior pattern and means of And from the perspective of ecological resources trading to redefine and analyze ecological compensation, So that we can more clearly understand the operation process and mode of ecological compensation in practice and realize that administrative ecological compensation itself is also a kind of ecological and related interests transactions under the guidance of the government. It helps us to explore the causes of the existing problems in ecological compensation from a new perspective. Most importantly, this paper criticizes the theory and practice of ecological compensation from the perspective of customary rights. These theories and practices only focus on legal rights and neglect customary rights, which is an important reason for the loss of the interests of the supply-side residents and the decline of living standards. This paper will demonstrate that ecological compensation not only affects and injures the legal rights of the residents of ecological compensation, but also damages their customary rights. Under the background of ecological compensation, this paper also discusses the types, characteristics, importance of customary rights, the relationship between customary rights and traditional ways of life and its harmful consequences. On this basis, this paper will put forward some concrete suggestions for our country's ecological compensation practice in the future in order to protect the customary rights of specific residents. In the aspect of administrative ecological compensation, the customary rights of the supplier residents should be fully investigated before the project; the administrative decision should respect the transaction will of the supply-side residents more; and the hearing procedure of ecological compensation should be added. In order to make the administrative ecological compensation more comprehensive consideration of the benefits of the supplier residents. In addition, we need to provide more conditions for the marketization of ecological compensation.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.6

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