黄河流域水资源行政与法律管理研究

发布时间：2018-06-30 16:44

本文选题：黄河流域 + 水资源　；参考：《西北农林科技大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：21世纪人类面临环境、资源与人口三大问题的挑战，而“水问题”则处其中最为严峻的位置。黄河作为我国第二大河，流域大部分地处干旱半干旱地区，水资源紧缺状况严重，随着经济和社会的快速发展，用水矛盾进一步凸现，对水质、水量、水环境等领域提出了越来越高的要求。如何促进黄河流域水资源可持续发展与和谐利用，如何健全行政和法律体系建设，实现水资源的高效管理，是当前迫切需要解决的问题。本文运用经济学、生态学、环境学和法学基本理论，以水资源可持续利用为目标，以经济社会发展与环境生态建设相统一的思想，解析黄河流域水资源行政管理与法律管理。主要研究内容包括黄河流域水资源管理体制问题、水权问题、水价问题、生态补偿问题与法律管理问题，主要结论如下：（1）黄河流域管理机构地位权限不明，管理体系成多龙治水局面，管理方式简单粗放，节水机制不明，配套法规不健全。流域管理中，立法是基础，机构设置是保证，合理规划是前提，经济与科技手段是支撑，利益方参与是要求。黄河流域应以提高水资源承载能力和统一管理为目标，建立水资源可持续利用调控系统，赋予流域管理机构高度自主权和行政管理权，形成流域管理委员会为主体，多部门协调配合的综合管理体制。（2）水权管理是经济社会发展与建设节水型社会的需要，黄河初始水权分配不仅要明确到省区，而且要明确到各用水户，水权分配要考虑政府预留水量，分配方案的执行和监控要到位。黄河流域水权置换中，水权界定要明确，要建立以市场为基础的运作模式，建立第三方补偿机制和协调机制，加强监督管理。（3）黄河流域水价标准偏低，水费不能全面按时征收。城市水价改革中，应建立科学水价核算体系和完备的水费征收机制。农业水价改革中，应从增加农民收入入手，实行最高限价下的差别定价，稳步推进市场化，规范农村水费计收，积极发挥用水者协会作用，探索建立对国有水管工程补贴、群管工程补贴、农业用水户补贴的“三补贴机制”。黄河流域水价改革有必要，但要走出涨价依赖误区，提价为节水误区和亏损应提价误区。（4）黄河流域生态补偿的重点问题是：确定流域生态补偿领域时，向国家和省级层面确定的重点生态功能区倾斜，加大补偿力度；合理确定生态补偿的支付主体与受偿主体；建立生态保护成本标准、发展机会成本标准和生态服务价值标准三种补偿标准；保障补偿资金足额按时到位；加强区域间横向补偿；完善生态补偿资金使用与补偿方义务履行情况的监督。（5）建议制定《黄河法》，明确四大问题：实行流域管理为主，区域管理相结合的综合管理体制；流域特点和资源状况不同，水土保持重点不同；水资源市场化，水量与水质并重、开发与节约并举；明确侵害法定权利、不执行法定义务的赔偿与惩罚措施。黄河流域执法要探索建立权责明确、运行协调、相互配合的执法新机制，加大执法装备投入，提高执法人员综合素质和执法水平，强化执法监督。黄河流域管理监督方面，要改进权力机关监督，健全行政监督，完善司法监督，，加强社会监督。
[Abstract]:In twenty-first Century, human beings are facing the three major problems of the environment, resources and population, and the "water problem" is the most severe position. The Yellow River, as the second major river in China, is mostly in arid and semi-arid areas. The shortage of water resources is serious. With the rapid development of economy and society, the water contradiction is further highlighted, water quality and water quantity. The water environment and other fields have put forward higher and higher requirements. How to promote the sustainable development and harmonious utilization of water resources in the the Yellow River basin, how to improve the construction of the administrative and legal system and realize the efficient management of water resources is an urgent problem to be solved at present.
This paper uses the basic theories of economics, ecology, environment and law, aims at the sustainable utilization of water resources, and analyzes the administrative and legal management of water resources in the the Yellow River basin by the idea of the unification of the economic and social development and the environmental ecological construction. The main contents include the water resources management system, water rights and water prices in the Yellow River area. The main conclusions of ecological compensation and legal management are as follows:
(1) the authority of the management organization of the the Yellow River river basin is not clear, the management system is a multi dragon water management situation, the management mode is simple and extensive, the water saving mechanism is unknown, the supporting regulations are not sound. In the basin management, the legislation is the foundation, the institution setting is the guarantee, the rational planning is the premise, the economic and technical means are the support, the interest party participation is the requirement. The the Yellow River basin should be put forward. The goal of high water resources carrying capacity and unified management is to establish the control system for sustainable utilization of water resources, endow the river basin management institutions with high autonomy and administrative power, and form a comprehensive management system which is the main body of the river basin management committee and the coordination and coordination of many departments.
(2) water right management is the need of economic and social development and construction of water-saving society. The initial water right distribution in the Yellow River should not only be clear to the provinces and regions, but also to the various water users. The allocation of water rights should consider the government reserve water, the implementation and monitoring of the distribution scheme should be in place. In the water right replacement of the the Yellow River basin, the definition of water rights should be clear and the market should be set up with the market. Based on the operation mode, the third party compensation mechanism and coordination mechanism should be established to strengthen supervision and management.
(3) the water price standard of the the Yellow River river basin is low and the water fee can not be expropriated in a full and timely manner. In the reform of urban water price, the scientific water price accounting system and a complete water fee collection mechanism should be established. In the reform of agricultural water price, we should start with the increase of farmers' income, implement the differential pricing under the maximum price limit, steadily promote the market, standardize the rural water fee collection, and actively hair the income of the rural water fee. It is necessary to establish the "three subsidy mechanism" for the subsidy of the state-owned water pipe project, the subsidy of the engineering project and the subsidies for agricultural water users. However, it is necessary to reform the water price of the the Yellow River River Basin, but we should go out of the misunderstanding of the price rise and raise the misunderstandings of the water saving misunderstandings and losses.
(4) the key problems of ecological compensation in the Yellow River basin are: when determining the area of ecological compensation in the basin, the key ecological functional areas determined at the national and provincial level are inclined, and the compensation is increased, the subject of payment of ecological compensation and the subject of compensation are rationally determined, the cost standard of ecological protection, the development of the opportunity cost standard and the value of the ecological service are established. Standard three kinds of compensation standards; guarantee the full and timely payment of compensation funds; strengthen interregional lateral compensation; improve the supervision of the obligation of the use of ecological compensation funds and compensation parties.
(5) it is suggested that the "the Yellow River law" should be formulated to clarify four major problems: a comprehensive management system based on watershed management and regional management; the characteristics and resources of the basin are different, the water and soil conservation are different, water resources are marketed, water and water are equal, development and economy are equal, and the legal rights are clearly infringed and the legal obligations do not be compensated. And punishment measures. The law enforcement in the the Yellow River basin should explore the establishment of a new law enforcement mechanism with clear power and responsibility, coordination and coordination, increase the input of law enforcement equipment, improve the comprehensive quality and law enforcement level of the law enforcement personnel, and strengthen the supervision of law enforcement. In the field of supervision and supervision of the the Yellow River basin, we should improve the supervision of the authority, improve the administrative supervision, perfect the judicial supervision, strengthen the judicial supervision, and strengthen the supervision of the judicature. Social supervision.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：TV213;D922.6

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