荒野、再野化与自主性生态系统——IUCN-1b类保护地管理中的概念演进

发布时间：2018-07-01 08:39

本文选题：风景园林 + 荒野　；参考：《中国园林》2017年06期

【摘要】："荒野"这一概念的含义因人而异。在美国,为便于政府部门进行国土管理,1964年通过的《荒野法》对"荒野"给出了官方定义。此后,通过持续的研究工作,人们对"国家荒野保护体系"相关属性、价值和威胁因素的理解得以改进。20世纪70年代,美国进一步的荒野立法将指定荒野保护地的范围扩大到受商业开发影响严重、野性区域面积较小但地理位置靠近人口众多区域的美国东部。1980年立法建立了阿拉斯加荒野保护地,美国国家荒野保护体系的面积因此翻倍。但是,该法律中包含有许多特殊条款,允许农村居民的生计活动,允许已有的使用机械进入荒野区的方式继续存在。拥护"自然资源保护主义"的生物学家们利用了现有的荒野保护体系将更大范围的景观"再野化"(rewild)。这类再野化景观以荒野地为核心,通过生态廊道与其他区域相连,使得大型捕食动物群体及其猎物群体得以恢复并繁衍兴旺。"再野化"的概念在其定义和应用上都已发生演变,自然资源保护主义活跃分子们在使用这个概念时赋予其"可塑性",即根据不同语境做出不同阐释。世界自然保护联盟新近发布了《荒野保护地:IUCN保护地类型1b管理指南》,正在考虑建立或扩展荒野地的国家,需要在不同的文化背景、情境中理解并应用这些概念。
[Abstract]:The meaning of the concept of wilderness varies from person to person. In the United States, the Wilderness Act, adopted in 1964, provides an official definition of wilderness to facilitate government administration. Since then, continued research has led to an improved understanding of the attributes, values and threat factors associated with the National Wilderness Conservation system in the 1970s. Further wilderness legislation in the United States extends the designation of wilderness protection to the eastern part of the United States, which is heavily affected by commercial exploitation and has a small but geographical location close to populated areas. Alaska wilderness protection was established by legislation in 1980. As a result, the size of the National Wilderness Conservation system doubled. However, the law contains a number of special provisions allowing the livelihood of rural residents and the continued use of machinery to enter wilderness areas. Biologists who advocate "conservation of natural resources" have used the existing wilderness conservation system to "rewild" the wider landscape of (rewild). Such rewild landscapes, centered on wilderness lands, are linked to other areas through ecological corridors, enabling large predator groups and their prey groups to recover and thrive. " The concept of refermentalization has evolved in both its definition and application, and conservationists give it "plasticity" when they use it, that is, to interpret it differently according to different contexts. IUCN has recently published the Management guidelines for types 1b of Wilderness Preservation: IUCN. Countries that are considering establishing or expanding wilderness areas need to understand and apply these concepts in different cultural contexts and contexts.
【作者单位】：美国联邦政府;奥尔多·利奥波德荒野研究中心;世界荒野大会;英国利兹大学;英国利兹大学荒野研究中心;欧洲荒野协会;清华大学建筑学院景观学系;米苏拉山水蒙学(学园);
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.6

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