我国矿业许可问题初探

发布时间：2018-07-06 17:38

本文选题：矿业权私权矿业许可 + 　；参考：《中国政法大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 我国《宪法》规定,矿藏属于国家所有。根据《矿产资源法》,公民、法人经过国家允许并支付对价,可以勘探、开采矿产资源并取得收益。这种有偿取得的矿产资源使用、收益权就是学界所称的“矿业权”。矿业权法律制度的意义在于,为资源所有人实现其资源权益提供了另一种方式,即,除了可以直接行使使用、收益权外,也可以通过让渡部分权能给其他人而自己收取对价。矿业权法律制度创设的根本目的,在于让非资源所有人有机会与资源所有人合作,通过这种参与促进矿产资源开发利用,在共享经济收益的同时,也满足了国家社会生存发展的需要。可以说,矿业权是矿业经济的核心。根据《矿产资源法》,公民、法人取得矿业权,需要向行政机关提出申请,获得审批同意。这意味着政府代表国家来实施同意,而由于矿业管理机关与矿业权申请人地位的不平等,二者的关系是行政主体与行政相对人之间的行政法律关系;矿业权的取得过程,具有行政许可的典型特征。这种行政许可被称为矿业许可,俗称矿业权许可(审批)。随着国家改革的深化、“政企分开"的推进,目前,除了极少数特殊矿种由政府直接勘探开采以外,绝大多数的矿产资源开发,都是通过行政许可的方式,交给企业和个人进行。与此同时,矿业权资本运作日益成熟,矿产资源开发逐渐形成国有资本、民营资本、境内资本、境外资本共同参与的格局,这对完善我国矿业权和矿业许可制度不断提出新的更高的要求。但是,过去我国法律对矿业权的定位一直较为模糊,矿业许可制度中计划经济传统影响也比较严重。2007年颁布的《物权法》首次将矿业权纳入“用益物权”章节予以调整,从而使这一权利得到立法的明确保护。这实际向行政法学提出了一系列需要回答的问题:第一,这种称之为矿业许可的行政行为,其内涵与外延如何?第二,矿业许可是对人民本来自由的恢复,还是纯粹地赋予权利?如何理解矿业许可的法律属性?第三,以现行《矿产资源法》为主建立的我国矿业许可制度,一旦从权利保护的角度看,是否存在问题? 本文尝试回答这些问题。文章分为五个部分,包括:序论、矿业许可的基础概念、矿业许可的性质探讨、矿业许可的实践反思和结语。文章首先在以“矿业权与行政许可”为主题的序论部分,简要介绍相关制度背景,明确了本文的重要研究前提:矿业权是一种物权法所明确保护的私权。并特别提出,正因为私法研究的固有不足,使得行政法学在此问题上的研究具有了正本清源的意义。在第一节中,文章运用行政法学对行政许可的既有研究成果,对矿业许可的基础概念进行特别考查,界定了矿业许可的定义,实施主体和特征,并通过梳理界定行政机关的各种涉矿权力活动的性质,明确矿业许可的具体范畴,从而使其概念外延更为清晰,内涵更为突出。在第二节中,尝试探讨矿业许可的性质,首先介绍我国学界关于许可性质“赋权说”、“解禁说”等诸学说和古典行政法学一般许可与特许的分类,进而分析矿业许可的特殊性质,认为对其应采取以特许为基础的折衷认识。在第三节中,以权利保护为视角,结合许可法治的一般要求,反思了矿业许可的实践,指出了矿业许可制度运行各环节上可能存在的问题,并提出了一些具体建议。最后对全文进行总结,提出凸显矿业权的私权属性和进一步规范公权力的行使,是《矿产资源法》再修改可以遵循的两条基本思路。总的来说,文章主要立足于我国矿业许可的制度现状,结合行政法学关于行政许可的古典理论,运用我国学界对行政许可问题的既有研究成果,对矿业许可的概念范畴、法律性质和制度运作进行了一次框架性的考察,以期为今后该领域的深入研究提供一点参考。
[Abstract]:The legal system of mining right has provided another way to realize the resource equity of the resource owner , namely , to make the non - resource owner have the opportunity to cooperate with the resource owner .

With the deepening of state reform , the development of mineral resources is the typical characteristic of administrative license . With the deepening of the reform of the state and the development of mining rights , the development of mineral resources is the pattern of the joint participation of state - owned capital , private capital , domestic capital and overseas capital , which is a new and higher requirement for improving the mining rights and mining license system . However , the position of mining right has been vague in the past , and the traditional influence of the planned economy in mining license system is more serious .

This paper attempts to answer these questions . The article is divided into five parts , including the preface , the basic concept of mining license , the nature of mining license and the practice reflection and conclusion of mining license .

Firstly , the article briefly introduces the background of the relevant system in the preface of the theme of " Mining Right and Administrative License " , and makes clear the important research precondition of this paper : the mining right is the private right which is clearly protected by the property law .

In the first section , the article applies the administrative law to the existing research results of the administrative license , carries out special examination on the basic concept of mining license , defines the definition of mining license , implements the subject and characteristics , and makes clear the concrete category of mining license by combing the nature of various mineral - related power activities of the administrative organ , thus making the concept epitaxial more clear and more prominent .

In the second section , try to explore the nature of mining license , first introduce the theory of licensing nature " empowerment theory " , " interpret the theory " and the classification of the general permission and dispensation of the classical administrative law , and then analyze the special nature of the mining license , and think that it should adopt the trade - off understanding based on the licence .

In the third section , taking the protection of rights as the visual angle , combining with the general requirements of permission rule of law , reflecting the practice of mining license , points out the possible problems in the operation of mining license system , and puts forward some concrete proposals .

Finally , the article summarizes the full text , and puts forward two basic ideas that highlight the private property of mining right and further standardize the exercise of public power .

On the whole , the article is based on the current situation of China ' s mining license , combined with the classical theory of administrative license , and using the existing research results of administrative license , the author makes a framework study on the concept category , legal nature and system operation of mining license , with a view to providing a little reference for further research in this field .
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D922.62

【引证文献】