核事故损害赔偿中的国家补偿责任问题研究

发布时间：2018-07-29 16:38

【摘要】：在全球瞩目的核事故发生后,学界的目光聚集与前端管制的防微杜渐,因为核事故这样悲剧性事件最好不要发生,国家、企业与个人都难以承受之重。例如有学者检讨核事故的发生原因后,提出的建议对策是引入一个独立的核安全委员会和协调公有输电网的买家和卖家的独立系统运营商。没有一个独立的安全监管机构或建立一个非常良好的“安全文化”,根深蒂固的电力垄断利润最大化的行为必然不会达到考虑核电厂安全的社会最优。所有考虑继续经营或扩大核电产业的国家必须努力建立独立、能干和受人尊敬的安全监管机构,或为核电站事故做好防备。然而,损害毕竟发生了,作为法学人,后端损失赔偿的公正合理问题也还是如何关注的话题。而核事故损害赔偿中的国家补偿责任就是这一话题的子话题。核事故损害赔偿中的国家补偿责任虽然在国际与国内法上都有规定,但是这些规定却各有差异。本研究首先就梳理了这些规范,然后比较出其中的同异,从而在此基础上归纳出国家补偿责任的基本面貌。接着与侵权损害民事赔偿、国家赔偿、社会保障、国家补贴等邻近制度进行比较,从而将核事故国家补偿责任性质定为：以国家保证责任为基础的为核事故受害人提供基本补助的政府责任。在现有的制度中,与之最为相似的是社会保障。二者都是以国家保证责任为基础,保障一国之国民有基本的体面的生活水平。尽管对国家补偿责任有了相对准确的定位,但并不意味着这种责任就有了正当性。核损害赔偿本来是一项民事责任领域的问题,可是国家介入并在某种程度接过私主体的赔偿责任。这形成一种与众不同的损害赔偿的双阶结构,其正当性何在?事实上,学者们对国家补偿责任是否必要,其实是大有争议的。支持者从风险社会中的责任共担、社会国与福利国家理念、管制国家的兴起、公共补偿制度的优越性、正义理论等角度证成国家补偿责任的正当性；而反对者从国家(政府)失灵、国家补偿责任责任的不经济、正义理论的反思等角度质疑国家补偿责任的正当性。两方都雄辩的理由和逻辑支撑。然而,任何事物都有两面性,很难找到十全十美的制度。尽管存在一些弊端,在风险社会形态、社会保障与福利国家形态下,我们需要坚持国家补偿责任,只是在制度设计上尽量规避其不合理之处。这也说明现行的国家补偿责任制度有其可改造之处。因此,本研究从国家责任的构成、国家补偿责任的履行以及国家补偿责任与相关制度的配合等方面细化国家补偿责任制度。本研究的主题——国家补偿责任问题,其实是一个相对较小的选题,但是其处理的客观事件(核事故)代表着现代风险社会中一种典型事件——大规模损害事件。这类事件有两个基本特征：发生概率小却损害后果严重(小概率、高损害)。因此,本研究还希望能将国家补偿责任扩展对处理一般大规模损害事件具有示范意义。其实有国际协议就将核损害与油污染并列,如《国际油污染和核能协议》。这个计划的关键性问题是,能在多大程度上发现一种从私法手段到更多公共治理的转移的路径(实证分析),以及这种转移在多大程度上是可取的,或者可能有负面效果(规范性问题)。在更为高度的理论意义上说,本研究也能带给我们关于传统法学理论在新型事件中需要做出的一些反思和改变以及我们对于核能政策的再思考。(1)侵权法的再定位。在事故损害赔偿中,侵权责任法应当首当其冲地发挥作用,但是核事故损害赔偿显示了侵权法的局限性,而国家介入的补偿责任使得损害赔偿从私法溢入公法。(2)侵权行为法与管制行政的复杂纠葛关系。国家补偿责任作为保证责任,是与现代管制国家的兴起分不开的。然而,在管制行政与侵权行为法之间有着众多交集,而如何良好地安排二者关系,更好地发挥二者的功能是当代法学需要解决的课题。(3)公法与私法的区分问题。进一步说,前述法律变革都显示公法与私法的区分在当代法治已经更为模糊,但是在成文法国家如何保留公法与私法的各自功能,是当代法学需要进一步思考的问题。(4)核能政策的反思。在气候变化与减碳时代,寻求可再生、低排放的能源是世界各国面临的紧迫任务,而如何在现有的能源中进行更好的能源形态搭配,是在还没有完美无缺的能源情形下首先需要解决的问题。而核能在这样结构中应当处于怎样的地位以及国家是否需要给予政策性倾斜,也是本研究从后端责任给前端规划提出的一点反思。
[Abstract]:In the wake of the global focus on nuclear accidents, the attention of the academic community and the front-end control will be avoided, because the tragic events such as the nuclear accident should not happen, the state, the enterprise and the individual are unbearable. For example, after a review of the causes of the nuclear accident, the proposed countermeasure is to introduce an independent nuclear security commissioner. The independent system operators who will and coordinate the buyers and sellers of the public transmission network. Without an independent security regulator or a very good "safety culture", the deep-rooted profit maximization of the power monopoly will not necessarily achieve the social optimal consideration of the safety of the nuclear power plant. All considerations continue to operate or expand. The state of the nuclear power industry must strive to establish independent, competent and respected security regulators, or to prepare for the nuclear power plant accidents. However, the damage has occurred after all. As a legal person, the fair and reasonable issue of compensation for the loss of the back end is also a topic of concern. The state compensation liability in the compensation for nuclear accidents is the same. A subtopic of the topic.
Although the state compensation liability in the compensation of nuclear accident damages is stipulated in both international and domestic law, these Regulations are different. First, this study combs these norms, then compares the similarities and differences, and then sums up the basic features of the state compensation liability. The compensation, social security, state subsidies and other adjacent systems are compared, thus the nature of the state compensation responsibility for nuclear accidents is defined as the government responsibility for providing basic subsidies to the victims of nuclear accidents based on state guarantee liability. In the existing system, the most similar is social security. The two are based on the state guarantee responsibility. To ensure that the citizens of a country have a decent standard of living.
Although the liability for state compensation has a relatively accurate position, it does not mean that the liability is justified. The compensation for nuclear damage is a problem in the field of civil liability, but the state intervenes and takes over the liability of the private subject in some degree. This forms a double structure of compensation for damage to the public, and its legitimacy is justified. What is it? In fact, it is really controversial whether scholars are necessary to the responsibility of state compensation. It is the support of the supporters from the risk society, the concept of the state and the welfare state, the rise of the state, the superiority of the public compensation system, the theory of justice and so on; and the opposition from the state (Politics). The failure of the government, the uneconomy of the responsibility of the state compensation responsibility, the reflection on the theory of justice, and so on, question the legitimacy of the state's compensation responsibility. The two sides are all eloquent reasons and logical support. However, everything has two sides, it is difficult to find the perfect system. Although there are some disadvantages, the social security and welfare state in the form of risk society. Form, we need to adhere to the state compensation responsibility, but try to avoid the unreasonable aspects in the system design.
It also shows that the current state compensation liability system has its reconstructive points. Therefore, this study refine the state compensation responsibility system from the constitution of the state responsibility, the performance of the state compensation responsibility and the coordination of the state compensation responsibility and the related system.
The subject of this study, the issue of state compensation liability, is actually a relatively small topic, but the objective event (nuclear accident) it deals with represents a typical event in the modern risk society - large-scale damage events. This kind of event has two basic characteristics: small occurrence probability but serious damage (small probability, high damage). Therefore, this study also hopes to have an exemplary significance for the expansion of national compensation liability to deal with general large-scale damage. In fact, there is an international agreement on the integration of nuclear damage and oil pollution, such as the international oil pollution and nuclear energy agreement >. The key issue of the plan is to find out to what extent a kind of private law can be found to be more public. The path of governance transfer (empirical analysis) and the extent to which such transfers are desirable, or may have negative effects (normative questions).
In a more highly theoretical sense, this study can also bring some reflections and changes to the traditional law theory in the new events and our rethinking of the nuclear energy policy. (1) the repositioning of the tort law. In the compensation for accident damage, the tort liability law should play its first role, but the nuclear accident Compensation for damages shows the limitation of the tort law, and the compensation liability of the state intervenes from the private law to the public law. (2) the complex entanglement between the law of tort and the administrative administration. The state compensation liability is inseparable from the rise of the modern regulated state. There are numerous intersections, and how to well arrange the relationship between the two and give a better play to the function of the two is a subject that the contemporary law needs to solve. (3) the distinction between public law and private law. Further, the former legal changes show that the distinction between public law and private law is more blurred in the contemporary rule of law, but how to retain public law in the statute law countries The respective functions of the private law are the problems that the contemporary law needs to consider further. (4) reflection on the policy of nuclear energy. In the era of climate change and carbon reduction, the pursuit of renewable and low emission energy is an urgent task facing all countries. And how to make better energy form collocation in the existing energy is not a perfect energy source. In this case, the problem that needs to be solved first, and what position the nuclear energy should be in and whether the country needs to be given a policy inclination is a reflection of this research from the back end to the front end planning.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.67

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