美国空气污染治理政策演变研究结论与参考文献,世界史论文
本文关键词:美国环境法史论,由笔耕文化传播整理发布。
本篇论文目录导航:
【题目】成本-效益分析下美国空气污染治理历程探究
【绪论】美国空气污染治理政策调整分析绪论
【第一章】90年代以来美国空气污染治理政策
【第二章】近现代美国空气污染治理中的争论
【第三章】美国空气污染治理的成本-效益分析
【结论/参考文献】美国空气污染治理政策演变研究结论与参考文献
结 语
20 世纪 90 年代以来美国空气污染治理政策得到进一步完善,乔治·布什通过了 1990 年《清洁空气法》修正案、比尔·克林顿提高空气污染物排放标准以及乔治·沃克·布什颁布了《清洁天空法》和《清洁空气州际规程》等。这些政策的颁布与实行,打破了 20 世纪 80 年代以来空气污染治理政策调整停滞的状态,推动了空气污染治理模式的创新,探索基于市场原则的治理模式。此后,以市场为导向的空气污染治理政策和"命令-管制"型政策并驾齐驱。
从环境与经济关系的角度来看,20 世纪 90 年代以前的空气污染治理政策运用"命令-管制"模式,巨额的空气污染治理投资,抑制了经济发展,阻碍了企业的创新,使空气污染治理与经济发展形成对立关系。进入 20 世纪 90 年代后,认识到环境保护与经济发展的关系,在空气污染治理政策中注意市场化机制的运用,在清洁空气的同时促进经济发展,试图实现环境保护和经济发展的平衡。
从环境政治史的角度出发,,环境政策的制定过程中存在着利益集团的博弈,不同的环境主体借助成本-效益分析等手段追求自身的利益,将非政治化因素政治化。在 20 世纪 80 年代,由于经济倒退和工商业团体的压力,成本-效益分析成为阻碍新环境政策出台的工具。进入 20 世纪 90 年代,由于环保组织的推动,以及空气污染问题频发的压力,为了平衡经济和环境之间的关系,成本-效益分析又成为推动空气污染治理政策出台的工具。成本-效益分析方法作为分析工具,在实际运用过程背离其本质目的,被附上人的主观价值,导致了分析工具的政治化,使空气污染的治理从技术问题演变成了以技术手段为中介的人与人之间的关系。
多角度研究 20 世纪 90 年代以来的美国空气污染治理政策,展现政策法规本身和制定过程中的原始场景,有助于我们深化对问题本质的认知,更新我国空气污染治理政策制定的思路,进而更好地解决我们当下的各种环境困境。
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本文关键词:美国环境法史论,由笔耕文化传播整理发布。
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