我国环境侵权民事责任法律制度的反思与构建

发布时间：2019-05-30 00:49

【摘要】： 环境侵权是由于人为活动导致环境污染、生态破坏,从而造成他人财产或身体健康方面损害的一种特殊侵权行为。随着现代社会中环境侵权数量的日益增多,因环境侵权而产生的环境责任也受到越来越多的关注。环境责任包括环境行政责任、环境刑事责任和环境民事责任。环境侵权民事责任是指公民、法人因受污染和被破坏的环境影响,造成被害人的人身、财产损失而应承担的民事方面的法律责任,它是对环境侵权受害人最为有效的一种救济方式。环境侵权在我国是一种新兴的侵权形式,与传统侵权行为相比,有其独特的特征,也正是由于这些特征,决定了环境侵权与传统侵权行为存在诸多不同。环境侵权民事责任制度还处于研究发展阶段,有许多理论上和实务上亟需解决的问题,作者以此为课题展开研究,希望为完善我国环境侵权民事责任制度尽绵薄之力。全文共分为四个部分。第一部分为环境侵权民事责任的基本范畴,主要阐释了环境侵权的概念和特征、环境侵权民事责任的概念界定、环境侵权民事责任的理论基础等三个基本理论问题。第二部分为比较法视野下国外环境侵权民事责任制度的现状与趋势,在这部分中主要比较考察了美国的环境侵权民事责任制度、日本的环境侵权民事责任制度、法国的环境侵权民事责任制度和德国的环境侵权民事责任制度,并分析了国外环境侵权民事责任制度的趋势。第三部分为我国环境侵权民事责任法律制度的理性反思,在分析了我国环境侵权民事责任制度的现状基础上,反思了目前环境侵权民事责任的立法缺陷。最后从我国环境侵权民事责任的构成要件、确立环境侵权无过错责任原则、明确环境侵权范围、明确举证责任,确立因果推定规则、完善环境侵权损害填补制度、设立环境责任保险制度、构建公共赔偿责任制度等七个方面提出了我国环境侵权民事责任制度的合理构建的对策。
[Abstract]:Environmental tort is a kind of special tort which leads to environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by human activities, resulting in damage to other people's property or physical health. With the increasing number of environmental tort in modern society, more and more attention has been paid to the environmental liability caused by environmental tort. Environmental liability includes environmental administrative liability, environmental criminal liability and environmental civil liability. Civil liability for environmental tort refers to the civil legal liability of citizens and legal persons for personal and property losses caused by pollution and damage to the environment. It is the most effective way to remedy the victims of environmental tort. Environmental tort is a new form of tort in our country. Compared with the traditional tort, environmental tort has its unique characteristics, and it is precisely because of these characteristics that there are many differences between environmental tort and traditional tort. The civil liability system of environmental tort is still in the stage of research and development, and there are many problems that need to be solved in theory and practice. The author takes this as the subject to carry out research, hoping to do his best to perfect the civil liability system of environmental tort in our country. The full text is divided into four parts. The first part is the basic category of civil liability for environmental tort, which mainly explains the concept and characteristics of environmental tort, the definition of civil liability for environmental tort, and the theoretical basis of civil liability for environmental tort. The second part is the current situation and trend of foreign environmental tort civil liability system from the perspective of comparative law. In this part, it mainly compares and examines the environmental tort civil liability system in the United States and Japan. The civil liability system of environmental tort in France and Germany is analyzed, and the trend of civil liability system of environmental tort in foreign countries is analyzed. The third part is the rational reflection on the legal system of civil liability for environmental tort in our country. On the basis of analyzing the present situation of the civil liability system for environmental tort in our country, it reflects on the legislative defects of the civil liability for environmental tort at present. Finally, from the constituent elements of civil liability for environmental tort in China, this paper establishes the principle of no-fault liability for environmental tort, clarifies the scope of environmental tort, clarifies the burden of proof, establishes the rules of presumptive causality, and perfects the filling system of environmental tort damage. This paper puts forward some countermeasures for the reasonable construction of the civil liability system of environmental tort in China from seven aspects, such as the establishment of the environmental liability insurance system and the construction of the public liability system.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D923;D922.68

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