特殊儿童群体监护权制度研究

发布时间：2018-02-09 14:37

本文关键词： 监护权特殊儿童群体国家监护监护权制度　出处：《山东大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本论文以特殊儿童群体监护权为研究对象,以理论分析和比较分析为基本研究方法,对监护权的历史沿革以及特殊儿童群体special groups of children监护权的确定、行使、实现以及保护所涉及的法律问题做出理论研究,以期为我国未成年人监护权法律制度的建立与完善提出有建设性之意见。文章第一部分为监护权概述。笔者通过对监护权理论的历史梳理,认为监护权的性质已由“权力性”向“权利性”、“权责性”转变,监护人与被监护人的法律地位也由“阶梯式”向“对话式”演进。“权利说”与“权责说”是当今监护权性质的两大主流学说,而笔者认为监护权中的“权”实质上是权威与责任之集合,“监护权”即“监护权责”,既有亲属法上之属性,又包含了公法上的内容。第二部分为离异家庭儿童的监护权。笔者认为“儿童最佳利益原则”是确定离异家庭儿童监护权的首要原则,探望权是离异家庭儿童监护权实现的有限形式。然而,我们法律中探望权主体范围过窄,祖父母、外祖父母等近亲属,特别是儿童的探望权主体地位均未得到法律的承认。笔者主张,儿童有主动探望父母的权利,其探望权主体地位应受到法律的尊重与支持。第三部分为未成年人所生子女的监护权。笔者认为监护人失职与未成年人价值观错位是少女妈妈产生的主要原因。而在监护权确定问题上,除非法庭审理认定少女妈妈为不适格监护人或由其行使监护权不符合子女之最佳利益,否则少女妈妈取得当然的法定监护权；未婚父亲享有探望权,若其想取得与未婚妈妈同等的监护权,可以向法院提出申请。此外,笔者还对监护权缺位时要采取的应对措施以及监护人监护权与未成年人生育权之间的冲突做出了相应的介绍。第四部分农村留守儿童监护权。笔者先介绍了我国留守儿童的现状,认为贫困与儿童忽视是留守儿童产生的主要原因。父母责任是确定留守儿童监护权的首要原则,委托监护则可作为缓解留守儿童监护权缺失的辅助方法,而国家在留守儿童监护权问题上,则扮演着“监护监督人”的角色。第五部分为流浪儿童监权。笔者通过对“社会排斥理论”的研究,总结得出“社会排斥特别是家庭排斥是流浪儿童产生的根本原因”。儿童自愿原则、儿童为本原则以及儿童最佳利益原则是确定流浪儿童监护权的三大基本原则。在流浪儿童监护权的问题上,国家既要肩负起“国家监护人”的职责,还要处理好国家监护权与儿童自决权之间的冲突,慎重适用“强制救助”与“自愿救助”。第六部分为笔者对建立、完善我国特殊儿童群体监护权制度的思考。具体的建议为：(1)确定儿童最佳利益原则(2)区分亲权与监护权(3)建立国家监护监督制度(4)建立监护权的中止、撤销与恢复制度(5)建立监护人法律责任制度。
[Abstract]:This thesis takes custody of special group of children as the research object, takes theoretical analysis and comparative analysis as the basic research method, and exercises the history of custody and the determination of custody of special group of children, special groups of children. This paper makes a theoretical study on the legal issues involved in the realization and protection of minors in order to put forward constructive suggestions for the establishment and perfection of the legal system of custody of minors in China. The first part of the article is an overview of guardianship. By combing the history of guardianship theory, the author thinks that the nature of guardianship has changed from "power" to "right" and "power and responsibility". The legal status of guardian and guardian has also evolved from "step by step" to "dialogue". "right theory" and "right and duty theory" are the two main theories of guardianship. The author holds that the "right" in custody is essentially a collection of authority and responsibility. "custody" is the responsibility of guardianship, which has not only the attributes of kinship law, but also the contents of public law. The second part is the custody of children from divorced families. The author thinks that the principle of the best interests of the child is the primary principle to determine the custody of children in divorced families, and the right of visitation is the limited form of the realization of the custody of children in divorced families. The scope of subject of visitation right in our law is too narrow, and the status of visiting rights of close relatives such as grandparents and grandparents, especially children, is not recognized by law. The author claims that children have the right to visit their parents voluntarily. The subject status of visitation right should be respected and supported by law. The third part is the custody of children born to minors. Unless the court decides that it is not in the best interests of the child to decide that the teenage mother is an unfit guardian or that custody is exercised by her, the teenage mother shall have ex officio legal custody; the unmarried father shall have visitation rights. If they wish to obtain guardianship on an equal basis with unmarried mothers, they may apply to the court. In addition, The author also introduces the countermeasures to be taken when custody is absent and the conflict between guardianship and minors' reproductive rights. The author first introduces the present situation of left-behind children in China, and thinks that poverty and neglect are the main causes of left-behind children. Parental responsibility is the primary principle to determine the custody of left-behind children. Entrustment guardianship can be used as a supplementary method to alleviate the absence of custody of left-behind children, while the state plays the role of "guardianship supervisor" in the issue of custody of left-behind children. Part 5th is the right of street children. Through the study of the theory of social exclusion, the author concludes that "social exclusion, especially family exclusion is the root cause of street children". The principle of child orientation and the principle of the best interests of the child are the three basic principles for determining the custody of street children. On the question of custody of street children, the State must shoulder the responsibility of "national guardian". The conflict between state custody and children's right to self-determination should be dealt with, and compulsory and voluntary assistance should be carefully applied. Part 6th is the author of the establishment, Reflections on perfecting the custody system of Special Children groups in China. The specific suggestions are: 1) to determine the principle of the best interests of the child (2) to distinguish parental rights from guardianship (3) to establish a national guardianship supervision system and 4) to establish the suspension of guardianship. Revocation and restoration of the system 5) the establishment of guardian legal liability system.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D923

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