被监护人意愿实务研究

发布时间：2018-04-30 12:11

本文选题：被监护人意愿 + 意定监护　；参考：《内蒙古大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着国际社会人权理念的深化发展及老龄化趋势凸显,原有的监护制度已无法有效解决社会面临的失独家庭养老难、植物人监护、家庭监护负荷过重等问题。人作为独立个体的自由意志愈发得到重视,促使各国将最大程度尊重自我决定权的理念作为监护制度改革的一致追求。这些改革的成果就是确立了以"尊重被监护人意愿"为理念的意定监护制度。在尊重和保障被监护人的自主决定权及维持本人生活平常化理念的驱动下,我国现在施行的法律初步建立了被监护人意愿的征询制度,以此最大程度的体现对被监护人内心意愿的尊重。但还有很多不足,仅有原则性规定而缺乏具体的程序保障,如未明确征询意愿的对象范围、征询意愿的具体程序、应征询而未征询意愿的法律后果等。不完善的被监护人意愿征询制度体系,加之司法审判理念陈旧、审判任务加重等原因,以致在司法实践中,造成了依法应征询而未征询被监护人意愿、征询被监护人意愿的程序不规范等乱象,未能充分实现尊重被监护人意愿的预期法律效果。《中华人民共和国民法总则》顺应社会老龄化的趋势,在监护制度的设计上,不再纯粹以维护交易安全性为目标,而以尊重被监护人的自由意愿以及对其人身、财产管理的自我决定为出发点,正式设立了意定监护制度。《总则》在协议确定监护人、指定监护人、恢复监护人资格等方面的规定体现了对被监护人意愿的尊重,但亦未解决如何征询被监护人意愿的具体问题。鉴于被监护人意愿未能充分得到尊重的现状,建议从最大化实现被监护人的自主决定权的角度出发,构建被监护人意愿征询制度,并以尊重自我决定权、维持生活正常化、重视被监护人尚余能力作为制度理念,从实体法上确立被监护人能否表达意愿及是否真实的判断标准,明确征询制度的适用主体、相关法律后果,进而解决是否征询被监护人意愿标准不清、把握不准的难题。同时通过建立家事法庭、专门的问询制度及社会评价机制,为征询被监护人意愿提供程序保障。最后,建立特定类型案件的监护监督机制,以审判监督与检察监督并行的内外部监督模式对监护权纠纷案件的诉讼活动进行全程监督。
[Abstract]:With the deepening development of the concept of human rights in the international society and the trend of aging, the original guardianship system has been unable to effectively solve the problems faced by the society, such as family pension difficulties, vegetable guardianship, and excessive burden of family guardianship. The free will of human being as an independent individual is paid more and more attention, which urges all countries to regard the idea of maximum respect for the right of decision as the consistent pursuit of the reform of guardianship system. The result of these reforms is to establish the system of determined guardianship based on the idea of respecting the will of the ward. Driven by respect for and protection of the independent decision of the ward and the maintenance of the idea of normalizing one's life, the law in force in our country has initially established a system of consultation on the wishes of the ward. In this way, the highest degree of respect for the will of the guardian of the heart. However, there are still many shortcomings, such as the lack of specific procedural protection, such as the lack of clear scope of the object of seeking the will, the specific procedure of seeking the will, the legal consequences of the consultation instead of the will, and so on. The imperfect system of wish-seeking system, the outmoded concept of judicial trial, the heavier task of trial, and so on, in judicial practice, result in that the wills of guardian should be consulted but not sought according to law. The procedure of seeking the will of the ward is not standardized, and the expected legal effect of respecting the will of the guardian has not been fully realized. [the General principles of the Civil Law of the people's Republic of China] conform to the trend of aging society, and in the design of the guardianship system, No longer with the sole aim of safeguarding the security of transactions, but with respect for the free will of the ward and for the self-determination of his personal and property management, the system of determined guardianship was formally established. [the General provisions] established the guardian by agreement, The stipulation of appointing a guardian and resuming the guardian's qualification reflects the respect for the will of the ward, but it does not solve the specific problem of how to consult the will of the ward. In view of the fact that the will of the ward is not fully respected, it is suggested that, from the point of view of maximizing the realization of the independent decision-making power of the ward, the system of consultation of the will of the ward should be established, and the system of consultation of the will of the ward should be established to maintain the normalization of Attach importance to the remaining ability of the guardian as a system concept, establish whether the guardian can express his will and judge whether the guardian is true from the substantive law, and make clear the applicable subject of the consultation system and the relevant legal consequences. And then solve whether to consult the guardian will standard unclear, grasp the difficult problem of uncertainty. At the same time, through the establishment of family court, special inquiry system and social evaluation mechanism, it provides procedural protection for seeking the will of the ward. Finally, we establish the guardianship supervision mechanism of certain types of cases, and supervise the litigation activities of custody dispute cases through the internal and external supervision mode of trial supervision and procuratorial supervision.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.9

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