树立共和国新形象—建国初南京市宣传工作研究（1949-1953）
发布时间：2018-09-19 19:44
【摘要】：建国初期,作为前国民党政权首都的南京市处于风雨飘摇之中,内外局势极为复杂,第三次世界大战的谣言在市民中流传,国民党特务分子活动猖獗。南京市的宣传工作就是在这样的背景下展开的。 1949年4月23日,南京市宣告解放。在中共南京市委的领导下,宣传部正式成立,下设宣传科、教育科、文艺科等科室。1950年10月,又成立区宣传委员会,以统一区一级宣传工作部署,防止多头领导,更好地协同配合宣传工作开展。1951年8月,南京正式建立起了覆盖全市的宣传网,组成以各级宣传员、报告员为骨干的多层次、多渠道、纵横交错的宣传工作体系,极大地推动了宣传工作的开展。对于主流意识形态的教育和社会力量的动员统合发挥了巨大作用。 南京市的宣传工作机制分为三个步骤：首先是决策,以编写工作计划为中心,中国共产党极力强调宣传纪律,通过严格执行请示、报告和审查制度来保证权力的收束和集中；其次是执行,在长期宣传工作中,中国共产党总结并推广了一套成熟的模式,包括对宣传人员进行培训、开展运动式的宣传(这期间往往依靠宣传员的个人能力和工作热情)和过程中对计划进行修正。最后是有效的反馈机制,包括对执行情况的汇报与总结。 建国初期,中国共产党的宣传内容包括三个方面：理论宣传、中期目标宣传和短期目标宣传。理论宣传着重解决群众的思想问题,从培养党的理论干部入手,训练了一批报告员和宣传员；南京各高校也普遍开设了马列主义课程,农村地区则派宣传员进行集中讲解,在开展文化教育的同时进行政治灌输。中期目标宣传以中央的路线、方针为宣传内容,如“一边倒”和过渡时期总路线的宣传即属此例。这种宣传往往在持续数年时间,一般采取每隔一段时间集中宣传一次的方式进行。短期目标宣传继承了中国共产党“一事一宣”的传统,对民众进行政治动员。以南京市镇反为例,通过动用广播、宣传册、电影、展览会等各种形式对民众进行宣传教育和动员,沉重打击了反革命势力,有力配合了镇反工作的开展。 宣传方式分为口头宣传、文字宣传和文艺宣传三种,口头宣传包括报告会、演讲会、控诉会、座谈会、口号等等,这些方式简单易行,成本低廉,因而使用次数最多,范围最广。更为重要的是,这些宣传方式在长期实践中形成了固定的模式,包括报告会预先彩排、控诉会的苦主遴选、座谈会的气氛导向和口号的拟定等,这些都有程式可以遵循。文字宣传包括报纸、小报、传单、黑板报和标语等。中国共产党有着丰富的办报经验,南京的《新华日报》初创即获得了广泛认可,成为市民获取信息的最主要渠道。其余的方式往往在宣传中作为辅助手段使用,对宣传工作的开展也有着重要意义。文艺宣传方式包括歌曲、电影、戏曲和广播。这些方式作用于人的潜意识,让民众无时无刻不被中国共产党的宣传话语所包围,不知不觉间即接受了其主张。 建国初南京市开展的宣传活动数量之多,难于统计,但基本都符合以下的模式,包括活动决策,宣传策略制定,宣传人员培训和彩排、运动式宣传和总结反馈。南京市保卫世界和平签名运动、南京市粮食统购统销和贯彻婚姻法这三个宣传个案均符合这一模式。而且,随着时间的推移,中国共产党对这一宣传工作模式的运用逐渐纯熟。经验的积累则表现为对宣传工作以往缺点错误的不断修正。 建国初南京市的宣传工作取得了巨大成效,扭转了民众对中国共产党的消极态度,建立了政权的合法性认同。通过开展宣传活动,动员了民众参与政治运动和国家建设,树立了新民主主义文化的主流地位,刷新了南京的社会风气。然而由于时代的制约,这些工作也产生了一定的负面影响。
[Abstract]:In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, the capital of the former Kuomintang regime, was in the midst of ups and downs. The internal and external situation was extremely complicated. Rumors of the Third World War were circulating among the citizens, and activities of Kuomintang agents were rampant.
On April 23, 1949, Nanjing declared its liberation. Under the leadership of the Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Ministry of Propaganda was formally established with departments of propaganda, education and arts. In October 1950, a District Propaganda Committee was set up to unify the propaganda work at the district level, prevent multi-leaders and better coordinate the propaganda work. The propaganda network covering the whole city has been established, and a multi-level, multi-channel and crisscross propaganda work system with propagandists at all levels and rapporteurs as the backbone has greatly promoted the development of propaganda work.
The propaganda work mechanism of Nanjing is divided into three steps: first, the decision-making, centering on the compilation of the work plan, the Communist Party of China strongly emphasizes propaganda discipline, and ensures the closure and centralization of power by strictly enforcing the instructions, reporting and censorship system; secondly, the implementation. In the long-term propaganda work, the Communist Party of China has summarized and popularized it. A mature model includes training propagandists, conducting campaign-style propaganda (which often relies on the personal ability and enthusiasm of propagandists) and modifying the plan in the process. Finally, an effective feedback mechanism, including reporting and summarizing the implementation, is put forward.
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the propaganda of the Communist Party of China consisted of three aspects: theoretical propaganda, medium-term target propaganda and short-term target propaganda.Theoretical propaganda focused on solving the ideological problems of the masses and trained a number of rapporteurs and propagandists starting from the training of theoretical cadres of the Party. Regional propaganda officers are sent to give concentrated explanations and to inculcate politics while carrying out cultural education. The medium-term target propaganda is based on the central line and the guiding principle is the propaganda content, such as the propaganda of "leaning to one side" and the general transitional line. Such propaganda usually lasts for several years and is usually carried out at regular intervals. Short-term target propaganda inherits the tradition of "one thing, one propaganda" of the Communist Party of China and mobilizes the people politically. Taking the anti-town campaign in Nanjing as an example, propaganda, education and mobilization of the people are carried out through various forms such as broadcasting, brochures, films, exhibitions, etc., which have dealt a heavy blow to the counter-revolutionary forces and effectively cooperated with the anti-town campaign. Develop.
There are three kinds of propaganda: oral propaganda, written propaganda and literary propaganda. Oral propaganda includes lectures, speeches, complaints, symposiums, slogans and so on. These methods are simple and cheap, so they are used most frequently and have the widest range. The report will be rehearsed in advance, the selection of complaints, the atmosphere of the Symposium and the formulation of slogans, all of which can be followed. The written propaganda includes newspapers, tabloids, leaflets, blackboard newspapers and slogans. The Communist Party of China has a wealth of experience in running newspapers. The founding of Nanjing's Xinhua Daily has been widely recognized as a citizen. The other ways are often used as supplementary means in propaganda, and they are also of great significance to the development of propaganda. Literary and artistic propaganda includes songs, movies, operas and broadcasting. These ways act on people's subconscious and make people surrounded by the propaganda discourse of the Communist Party of China all the time. He accepted his view.
The number of propaganda activities carried out in Nanjing at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China was so large that it was difficult to count them, but they basically conformed to the following patterns, including activity decision-making, propaganda strategy formulation, propaganda personnel training and rehearsal, campaign propaganda and summary feedback. As time goes on, the Communist Party of China has gradually become familiar with the application of this mode of propaganda work, and the accumulation of experience has been manifested in the constant correction of the past shortcomings and errors in propaganda work.
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the propaganda work in Nanjing has made great achievements, reversed the people's negative attitude toward the Communist Party of China and established the legitimacy of the regime. By carrying out propaganda activities, the people were mobilized to participate in political movements and national construction, established the mainstream position of the new democratic culture, and refreshed the social atmosphere of Nanjing. With the constraints of the times, these jobs also have some negative effects.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D232
本文编号：2251140
[Abstract]:In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, the capital of the former Kuomintang regime, was in the midst of ups and downs. The internal and external situation was extremely complicated. Rumors of the Third World War were circulating among the citizens, and activities of Kuomintang agents were rampant.
On April 23, 1949, Nanjing declared its liberation. Under the leadership of the Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Ministry of Propaganda was formally established with departments of propaganda, education and arts. In October 1950, a District Propaganda Committee was set up to unify the propaganda work at the district level, prevent multi-leaders and better coordinate the propaganda work. The propaganda network covering the whole city has been established, and a multi-level, multi-channel and crisscross propaganda work system with propagandists at all levels and rapporteurs as the backbone has greatly promoted the development of propaganda work.
The propaganda work mechanism of Nanjing is divided into three steps: first, the decision-making, centering on the compilation of the work plan, the Communist Party of China strongly emphasizes propaganda discipline, and ensures the closure and centralization of power by strictly enforcing the instructions, reporting and censorship system; secondly, the implementation. In the long-term propaganda work, the Communist Party of China has summarized and popularized it. A mature model includes training propagandists, conducting campaign-style propaganda (which often relies on the personal ability and enthusiasm of propagandists) and modifying the plan in the process. Finally, an effective feedback mechanism, including reporting and summarizing the implementation, is put forward.
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the propaganda of the Communist Party of China consisted of three aspects: theoretical propaganda, medium-term target propaganda and short-term target propaganda.Theoretical propaganda focused on solving the ideological problems of the masses and trained a number of rapporteurs and propagandists starting from the training of theoretical cadres of the Party. Regional propaganda officers are sent to give concentrated explanations and to inculcate politics while carrying out cultural education. The medium-term target propaganda is based on the central line and the guiding principle is the propaganda content, such as the propaganda of "leaning to one side" and the general transitional line. Such propaganda usually lasts for several years and is usually carried out at regular intervals. Short-term target propaganda inherits the tradition of "one thing, one propaganda" of the Communist Party of China and mobilizes the people politically. Taking the anti-town campaign in Nanjing as an example, propaganda, education and mobilization of the people are carried out through various forms such as broadcasting, brochures, films, exhibitions, etc., which have dealt a heavy blow to the counter-revolutionary forces and effectively cooperated with the anti-town campaign. Develop.
There are three kinds of propaganda: oral propaganda, written propaganda and literary propaganda. Oral propaganda includes lectures, speeches, complaints, symposiums, slogans and so on. These methods are simple and cheap, so they are used most frequently and have the widest range. The report will be rehearsed in advance, the selection of complaints, the atmosphere of the Symposium and the formulation of slogans, all of which can be followed. The written propaganda includes newspapers, tabloids, leaflets, blackboard newspapers and slogans. The Communist Party of China has a wealth of experience in running newspapers. The founding of Nanjing's Xinhua Daily has been widely recognized as a citizen. The other ways are often used as supplementary means in propaganda, and they are also of great significance to the development of propaganda. Literary and artistic propaganda includes songs, movies, operas and broadcasting. These ways act on people's subconscious and make people surrounded by the propaganda discourse of the Communist Party of China all the time. He accepted his view.
The number of propaganda activities carried out in Nanjing at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China was so large that it was difficult to count them, but they basically conformed to the following patterns, including activity decision-making, propaganda strategy formulation, propaganda personnel training and rehearsal, campaign propaganda and summary feedback. As time goes on, the Communist Party of China has gradually become familiar with the application of this mode of propaganda work, and the accumulation of experience has been manifested in the constant correction of the past shortcomings and errors in propaganda work.
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the propaganda work in Nanjing has made great achievements, reversed the people's negative attitude toward the Communist Party of China and established the legitimacy of the regime. By carrying out propaganda activities, the people were mobilized to participate in political movements and national construction, established the mainstream position of the new democratic culture, and refreshed the social atmosphere of Nanjing. With the constraints of the times, these jobs also have some negative effects.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D232
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，本文编号：2251140
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