曼彻斯特棉纺织业的衰落

发布时间：2018-03-11 17:09

本文选题：曼彻斯特　切入点：英国　出处：《天津师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：英国是工业革命的开路先锋,成为第一个开启工业化进程的国家,而作为英国传统工业部门之一的棉纺织业在英国的工业化进程中更是起着不可替代的作用。有"棉都" "棉花王国"称号的棉纺织业中心——曼彻斯特成为英国棉纺织业发展的关键,就是这一在工业革命中发挥着重要作用的棉纺织业,在棉纺织业中具有重要地位的曼彻斯特最终却走上了衰落的道路。目前关于曼彻斯特棉纺织业衰落的研究,虽然国内外学者对棉纺织业的衰落问题有所触及,但并未将视角集中在曼彻斯特地区,所以,选题具有一定的研究价值。本文的结构分为绪论、正文和结语三大部分。绪论部分主要论述了本文的选题依据及意义、当前国内外的研究现状。正文包括英国棉纺织业与曼彻斯特棉纺织业的特殊地位、曼彻斯特棉纺织业衰落的经过、衰落的表现、衰落的原因及衰落的影响等问题。第一章是英国棉纺织业与曼彻斯特的特殊地位。本章主要阐述了英国棉纺织业的兴起,从东方国家起源而传播到英国而来的。棉纺织业技术革命的开展,飞梭、水力织布机、动力织布机、骡机的发明,推动了棉纺织业的发展进程。曼彻斯特能够成为棉纺织业中心,有着"棉都"的称号,与其自身有利的必备条件和交通条件是密不可分的。第二章是曼彻斯特棉纺织业衰落的经过,主要分为三个阶段。第一阶段是20世纪初,这一时期是棉纺织业衰落的一个过渡阶段。第二阶段是两次世界大战之间(1914—1945年),由于战争特殊的环境所造成的严重影响。第三阶段是第二次世界大战后,棉纺织业适应新的发展需要。第三章是英国棉纺织业衰落的表现。首先是棉纺织业技术优势的丧失,由于财政的限制,未能及时对机器设备的有效更新,所以技术上的优势不再。环锭纺纱机的应用比率低,导致劳动生产率低。其次是工业结构的变化。由于投资下降,棉纺织业的工业结构发生变化,出现了棉纺织业的兼并和联合,清除过剩的生产,起到了提高生产力的作用,此外还有新兴工业的出现。最后是市场萎缩和贸易失衡。由于英国的棉纺织品主要是用于出口,所以国外的需求成为一个至关重要的因素。随着国外自给能力的增强,对英国棉纺织品的需求减少,导致英国棉纺织业出口市场的丧失。再加上国外的关税保护主义,都使得英国的棉纺织品缺乏竞争力。第四章是英国的棉纺织业衰落的原因分析。首先是战争的影响。战争时期,由于特殊的社会环境,社会生产以服务战争为主,生产转向军需生产,导致对其他(如棉纺织业)生产的投资减少,还有战时劳动力的缺乏,导致出口下降,此外还有战争对交通运输系统的破坏都成为对棉纺织业的严重打击。其次是竞争的影响。棉纺织业的技术革命的开展推动了其发展,但是由于美、日等国家采用新技术,导致在劳动生产率上有很大的不同。此外,还有东方国家(日本)棉纺织业的发展,减少对英国棉纺织业的依赖,凭借廉价劳动力的竞争优势,成为英国棉纺织业的有力竞争者。最后是英国自身的发展局限。由于财政上的限制,对工业投资不足,不利于工业发展;教育制度的缺陷不利于管理技术人才的培养,从长远来看成为经济发展的局限;还有英国殖民帝国的帝国遗产的消极影响,都成为英国自身经济发展的一种局限。第五章是棉纺织业衰落的影响,分别从对曼彻斯特和英国两个方面来阐述。结语部分是对文章整体内容的总结。
[Abstract]:Britain is the trailbreaker of the industrial revolution, becoming the first open process of industrialization in the country, and as one of the traditional industries in the United Kingdom Department of cotton textile industry in the UK in the process of industrialization is playing an irreplaceable role. "Cottonopolis" "the cotton kingdom" the title of the cotton textile industry center of Manchester became a British cotton textile industry this is the key to the development of the industrial revolution plays an important role in the textile industry, plays an important role in the cotton textile industry in Manchester has finally embarked on the decline of the road. The current research on Manchester cotton textile industry in decline, although the touchedon fading problem of domestic and foreign scholars on the cotton textile industry, but do not focus on Manchester area, so the topic has certain research value. The structure of this paper is divided into introduction, body and conclusion of three parts. The introduction part mainly discusses The background and significance of this paper, the current research status at home and abroad. The text includes the special status of the British textile industry and Manchester cotton textile industry, cotton textile industry in Manchester after the decline, the decline of the performance problems of declining reason and the effects of fading. The first chapter is the British textile industry and the special status of Manchester this chapter mainly expounds the origin of the cotton textile industry, from the east to the origin of the state and spread to Britain to. The cotton textile industry technology revolution, shuttle, hydraulic loom, power loom, mule invention, push the development of cotton textile industry. Manchester can become a cotton textile industry the center has a "cottonopolis" title, and the necessary conditions for its favorable and traffic conditions are inseparable. The second chapter is the cotton textile industry in Manchester after the decline, mainly divided into three stages. The first stage is 2 At the beginning of zeroth Century, this period is a transitional stage of cotton textile industry's decline. The second stage is between the two World Wars (1914 - 1945), due to the severe impact of the war caused by the special environment. The third stage is after the Second World War, cotton textile industry to adapt to the new development. The third chapter is the UK the cotton textile industry decline performance. First is the loss of the cotton textile industry technology advantage, due to financial constraints, failed to update equipment, so the technical advantage no longer. The application ratio of ring spinning machine is low, resulting in low productivity. Second is the change of industrial structure. Due to the decline in investment, industrial the structure of cotton textile industry changes, the merger and association of cotton textile industry, to get rid of the excess production, to increase the productivity of the role, in addition to emerging industries. Finally the market atrophy and loss of trade Heng. Due to cotton fabrics of Britain are mainly for export, so foreign demand has become a crucial factor. With the increase of foreign self-sufficiency, the British cotton textile demand led to the loss of the British textile industry export market. Coupled with the tariff protectionism abroad, the lack of British cotton textiles the fourth chapter is the analysis of reasons. The competitiveness of the cotton textile industry decline. The first is the impact of the war. During the war, because of the special social environment, social production to service the main war, production to military production, leading to the other (such as cotton textile industry) production reduced investment, and wartime lack of labor, resulting in export in addition to decline, destruction of war on the transport system have become a serious blow to the cotton textile industry. Second is the impact of competition. Technological revolution of cotton textile industry development promotion Its development, but due to the United States, Japan and other countries to adopt new technology, there is a great difference in the labor productivity. In addition, there are Eastern countries (Japan) cotton textile industry, reduce dependence on Britain's cotton textile industry, relying on cheap labor advantage, a contender for the British textile industry finally is the UK's own development limitations. Due to financial constraints, lack of industrial investment, is not conducive to industrial development; defects of the education system is not conducive to the cultivation of management and technical personnel, in the long term economic development become limitations; and British colonial empire heritage has become a negative impact on Britain's own limitations the development of economy. The fifth chapter is the influence of the decline of the cotton textile industry in Manchester and UK, respectively from two aspects. The last part is the overall summary of the content.

【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F416.81;K561

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