低碳住宅的增量成本效益与激励机制研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 22:34

本文选题：低碳住宅 + 增量成本效益　；参考：《长安大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：在当前社会环境越来越严峻的情况下,人们面临着资源枯竭、土地荒漠化、气候变暖等严重威胁,因此改变现有的经济发展及社会变化方式,是解决生态失衡的焦点。低碳建筑在这种大背景下诞生,带来的不仅是建筑理念和建造方式的变革,更是人们生活理念或生活方式的转化,形成了建立资源节约型、环境友好型社会,实现可持续发展路线的长久方针。然而在材料、设计以及建造方式的转变过程中,成本的增加使得低碳建筑在我国发展受到一定的制约,尤其对于人们日常居住的住宅,高成本使消费者将之与奢侈品画上等号,低碳住宅开发商也背离了“低碳环保”的初衷。因此,本文从全生命周期的角度出发,将增量成本分为四方面进行量化,并将增量效益统一度量,建立包含增量成本效益模型,使人们能够看到其隐形效益。首先,本文通过对国内外研究现状进行总结,了解前人对低碳建筑的研究程度,对低碳住宅概念进行界定,再从全生命角度出发,将低碳住宅增量成本分为四个方面,分别为碳排放与碳交易、低碳技术与设备、运营管理及拆除回收期,探讨与普通住宅相比产生的增量指标构成。另一方面,从后续效益出发,将低碳住宅增量效益分为经济效益(直接效益)、环境效益及社会效益(间接效益),低碳住宅的经济效益主要通过节水、节地、节能、节材所带来使用成本的节省来体现,例如:节能通过电费的节省来考量。低碳住宅的环境效益主要通过使用过程中碳排放的减少转化成标准煤的价值,用标准煤的成本作为衡量标准。低碳住宅的社会效益则通过工作效率的提升所增加的时间或者相关社会费用的节省来衡量,并根据相关理论及工程经验提出了量化计算规则。其次,在前文基础上,论文创新性的提出低碳住宅的增量成本及效益的价值工程理论,将产生的价值与使用功能的比值作为衡量低碳住宅增量成本与效益的相关性,并同时基于价值工程理论运用熵权法及数据包络分析法(DEA)的混合模型对多项目的低碳住宅价值功能比选做出评价,提供构建低碳住宅增量成本与效益评价体系的方法。最后,通过西咸新区及国内低碳住宅经典案例进行验证,分析该项目低碳住宅的增量成本构成,研究关键低碳技术所带来的效益,并结合实际情况,计算多项目增量成本及效益,确定项目的经济可行性,确定本文中的低碳住宅增量成本-效益评价方法可行,可为低碳住宅项目的评价提供一定的数据支持。并根据前文所判定的相关性,提出政府对应的激励机制体系建议,促进低碳住宅的进一步推广。
[Abstract]:Under the increasingly severe social environment, people are facing serious threats such as resource depletion, land desertification, climate warming and so on. Therefore, changing the existing economic development and social change mode is the focus to solve the ecological imbalance. Low-carbon building was born under this background, which not only brought about the change of architectural idea and construction style, but also the transformation of people's life idea or way of life, and formed a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. A long-term approach to achieving the path of sustainable development. However, in the process of changing materials, design and construction methods, the increase in cost makes the development of low-carbon buildings in China subject to certain constraints, especially for people living in housing, high costs make consumers draw the same sign as luxury goods. Low-carbon housing developers also deviate from the original intention of low-carbon environmental protection. Therefore, from the point of view of the whole life cycle, the incremental cost is divided into four aspects to quantify, and the incremental benefit is measured uniformly, and the incremental cost-benefit model is established, so that people can see its hidden benefits. First of all, this paper summarizes the current research situation at home and abroad, understands the previous research on low-carbon buildings, defines the concept of low-carbon housing, and then from the point of view of the whole life, divides the incremental cost of low-carbon housing into four aspects. Carbon emissions and carbon trading, low carbon technology and equipment, operation management and demolition recovery period are discussed, and the incremental index composition compared with ordinary housing is discussed. On the other hand, starting from the subsequent benefits, the incremental benefits of low-carbon housing are divided into economic benefits (direct benefits, environmental benefits and social benefits). The economic benefits of low-carbon housing are mainly through water-saving, land-saving, energy-saving, Savings in the use of materials to reflect the cost, for example: energy savings through the consideration of electricity. The environmental benefit of low carbon residence is converted into the value of standard coal by reducing the carbon emission in the process of use, and the cost of standard coal is taken as the criterion. The social benefits of low-carbon housing are measured by the increase of working efficiency or the saving of related social expenses, and the quantitative calculation rules are put forward according to the relevant theory and engineering experience. Secondly, on the basis of the above, the paper innovatively puts forward the value engineering theory of incremental cost and benefit of low carbon housing, which takes the ratio of value and usage function as the correlation to measure the incremental cost and benefit of low carbon housing. At the same time, based on the theory of value engineering, the mixed model of entropy weight method and data envelopment analysis (DEAA) is used to evaluate the value function comparison of multi-project low carbon housing, and to provide a method for constructing the evaluation system of incremental cost and benefit of low carbon housing. Finally, through the classical cases of low carbon housing in Xixian New District and in China, the incremental cost composition of the low carbon residence is analyzed, and the benefits of key low carbon technology are studied, and combined with the actual situation, To calculate the incremental cost and benefit of multi-projects, to determine the economic feasibility of the project, and to determine the feasibility of the evaluation method of incremental cost-benefit of low-carbon housing in this paper, which can provide certain data support for the evaluation of low-carbon housing projects. According to the correlation determined above, the paper puts forward the suggestion of the government's corresponding incentive mechanism system to promote the further promotion of low-carbon housing.
【学位授予单位】：长安大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TU241.91;F426.92;F406.72

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