永定客家土楼围合形态的环境适应性衍变研究

发布时间：2018-01-05 02:02

本文关键词：永定客家土楼围合形态的环境适应性衍变研究　出处：《华侨大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：闽西永定土楼作为世界文化遗产，长期以来一直受到学术界关注。但到目前为止，既往研究较为重视对永定土楼的正规性和典型性，忽视了对非正规土楼的关注。从土楼围合形态来看，学界也常陷入方形土楼和圆形土楼的简单化、抽象化的讨论。事实上，笔者发现，永定客家土楼的围合形态实际则表现为丰富多样的、生动的变异形式。为了深入解析这一现象及其背后所蕴含的规律，本课题以生态学知识为导向，基于环境适应理论、复杂科学为指导，运用田野调查、文献考古、图示分析以及归纳分析等方式来开展研究工作。研究结果表明，永定客家土楼围合形态在适应环境的过程中，一方面对“完形理想”有着坚持，另一方面，根据不同的实际环境变化，能否自由地摆脱完形理想的束缚，从而创新出许多复杂的、“非完形”的土楼围合形态。本课题将从以下几个部分来剖析这一现象及其背后的规律。第一部分，背景研究。先论述了国内外关于本课题的研究现状，从总体层面论述了永定客家土楼的围合形态。第二部分，主体研究。首先，解析了永定客家土楼围合形态的完形理想。从传统民居理想原型以及传统民居类型的多样化的矛盾出发，，基于完形心理学原理，探究了客家人的围合理想及其根源。在此基础上总结了“完形土楼”（即客家人心中的土楼原型）的基本特征，即封闭独立、向心统一、规则对称、高大尺度。客家人理想土楼原型形成的根本原因是移民历史、家族团结、社会防御等。然后，重点从“自然环境不同”、“社会文化差异”、“历史变迁影响”三个方面，揭示永定客家土楼围合形态产生复杂变异的背后规律。永定地区复杂的地理环境，如地形、水文环境、场地等自然要素使土楼的围合形态产生了复杂的变化。客家社会文化的多元化也导致土楼的围合形态产生了特殊衍变，在儒家文化统治下，客家人非常重视邻里的和睦、礼制的有序，加上当时商业活动需求复杂、土楼施工周期长等因素，以及经济、民俗信仰、风水观念、战争、生活方式等方面的影响，最终创造了大量特殊围合形态的土楼。随着时代的发展，土楼的围合形态是动态变化的，家族兴衰增添了土楼的扩建，土楼本身的生命周期也衍生出新的围合形态，小家庭对私密空间的需求也促使了新型独户式土楼的产生。第三部分相关讨论。针对永定客家土楼围合形态在适应环境过程中产生的多样化衍变现象及其背后蕴含的生态学规律。本课题组将讨论其相关的学术价值和现实应用价值。从学术价值角度看，其中所蕴含的生态文化智慧，是一笔宝贵的非物质文化遗产，有待加以保护。同时，非正规土楼的保护，也应该尽早提上日程，而不是仅仅保护“土楼王”、“土楼王子”、“土楼公主”等典型土楼。从现实应用价值来看，非正规土楼在适应环境过程中所产生的生态智慧，也是一笔可以进行生态旅游、生态教育的文化资产。
[Abstract]:The Storied Building of Yongding as a world cultural heritage, has long been a concern in the academic community. But so far, previous studies pay more attention to the formal and typical of Storied Building of Yongding, the neglect of non formal attention. From the earthen earthen enclosure form, simple circles often fall into the square and round earthen earthen. The discussion of abstraction. The author found that, in fact, the actual performance of enclosing form a variety of Yongding Hakka Tulou, variant form of vivid.
In order to analyze this phenomenon and behind the law, subject to the knowledge of ecology oriented, to adapt to the environment based on the theory of complex science as a guide, the use of field research, literature and archaeology, graphical analysis and inductive analysis method to carry out the research work. The research results show that Yongding Hakka Wai patterns in the process of adapting to in the environment, one side facing the "Gestalt ideal" has insisted, on the other hand, according to the actual environment of different changes, can be free to get rid of the shackles of Gestalt ideal, thus creating a lot of complex, "Gestalt" earthen enclosure form.
This topic will analyze the phenomenon and the laws behind it from the following parts.
The first part, the background study.
First, the research status of this subject at home and abroad is discussed, and the enclosed form of Yongding hakka earth building is discussed from the overall level.
The second part, the subject study.
First, analysis of the Yongding Hakka Wai form of Gestalt. Starting from the traditional residential ideal ideal prototype and the traditional dwellings of diverse contradictions, based on the principle of Gestalt psychology, explores the origin of Hakka Wai and ideal. On the basis of summarizing the "Gestalt Tulou" (that is, in the minds of the Hakka Tulou the prototype) the basic characteristics, namely independent and unified rules of symmetry, centripetal, large scale. The root cause of formation of the Hakka Tulou ideal prototype is the history of immigration, family solidarity, social defense.
Then, the focus from the "natural environment", "social cultural differences", "three aspects of historical changes, to reveal the rules behind the" Yongding Hakka Wai form complex variation. Yongding area complex geographical environment, such as topography, hydrological environment, site and other natural elements to form a complex enclosure change the social and cultural diversification. Hakka Tulou has also led to the enclosing form had a special evolution of the earth, in the Confucian culture under the rule of the Hakka people attach great importance to the neighborhood harmony, ritual order, coupled with the fact that the commercial activities demand complex, long construction period buildings and other factors, and economy, folk beliefs, fengshui, war influence, lifestyle and other aspects, and ultimately create a large number of special enclosing form buildings. With the development of the times, the earthen enclosing form is dynamic, the family adds the expansion of the rise and fall of earth The earth itself built, the life cycle is derived from the enclosed form of new, small household demand for private space also contributed to the new family of Tulou is produced.
The third part is related to the discussion.
According to the law of ecology evolution phenomenon diversification of Yongding Hakka enclosed form in the process of adapting to the environment and behind. This paper will discuss the academic value and practical application value. From the academic point of view, the ecological culture contains Zhi Hui, is a valuable intangible cultural heritage. Needs to be protected. At the same time, the protection of the informal Tulou, should also be put on the agenda as soon as possible, not just the protection of earthen king "," earthen Prince "," earthen Princess ". From the practical application value of typical buildings, ecological wisdom of informal Tulou produced in the process of adapting to the environment, but also a can carry out ecological tourism, ecological education and cultural assets.

【学位授予单位】：华侨大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU241.5

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