高层建筑人群垂直疏散特性与疏散策略计算机仿真研究

发布时间：2018-01-14 17:36

本文关键词：高层建筑人群垂直疏散特性与疏散策略计算机仿真研究　出处：《中国科学技术大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着城市化进程加快,高层建筑在世界各地不断涌现。它们在给人们带来生活便利的同时,也给公共安全带来了巨大的隐患。高层建筑一旦发生火灾或者遭受恐怖袭击,事态发展迅速,人员疏散较困难,如果疏散策略不合理,方法不得当,非常容易造成许多额外的生命财产损失。近些年来,各类建筑(如地铁、商场等)的疏散都得到了广泛地研究,相应的一些研究方法,比如疏散演练、行人流通调查、实验研究及疏散建模等都已被用于研究各类建筑的疏散。同时许多研究成果也在现实疏散中获得了一定应用。众所周知,对于各类建筑的疏散,楼梯目前仍是最为传统且唯一倡导的疏散及逃生方式,但是随着现代建筑物规模的不断扩大,建筑结构的多样化以及建筑物高度的不断提升,楼梯疏散碰到了无法克服的客观弊端,如：疏散时间长、安全性较差等,而且也不利于老弱病残幼的疏散。如果只用楼梯疏散,相当一部分人员都会因时间来不及而被困在楼上。而其他传统的垂直疏散工具,如云梯、避难扶梯、缓降机、避难袋等,它们也都只能满足少数人的逃生需要,且其具体应用还受到多方面制约,无法适用于大规模人员疏散,特别是高层建筑内人员的逃生。如何使建筑内所有人员安全、高效地疏散到安全区域,是一个越来越受各界关注和重视的问题。电梯疏散具有疏散路程短、运送时间少、体能损耗低等优点,对于高层建筑人员的疏散具有重大意义。且随着目前电梯的可靠性与智能化不断提高,承担日常垂直交通任务的电梯势必会成为一种有效的垂直疏散途径。如何充分利用电梯的辅助作用,提高高层建筑的疏散效率是一个值得深入研究的问题。本文主要针对建筑物内楼梯汇流平台特性、梯形结构、人员属性、疏散优先顺序等影响整体疏散时间的因素和楼梯-电梯耦合疏散策略进行研究,旨在通过对建筑人员紧急疏散时出现的人员汇流现象、疏散时间和行人流流动特性等进行分析,为建筑的结构设计和紧急疏散时的人员应急管理提供一定的指导与支持。本文主要运用计算机仿真(如Pathfinder仿真模拟、MATLAB算法开发、数据可视化、数据分析以及数值计算编程等)研究了高层建筑人群疏散过程中在楼梯平台的汇流情况,探讨了电梯-楼梯耦合的疏散特性。论文的主要工作包括以下几个方面：(1)研究了楼梯疏散的汇流特性,通过调整进入汇流平台的门的位置,寻找各种疏散要求下有利的汇流方式,并进一步研究楼梯结构对疏散的影响,通过双分楼梯与双跑楼梯的疏散仿真对比,研究两种梯形的疏散特点及障碍物对两种梯形疏散的影响程度；(2)研究了电梯-楼梯耦合疏散的特性,寻求电梯与楼梯耦合疏散的最佳方式。同时,通过设置人员属性,研究人员特性对耦合疏散的影响规律。考虑到目前大部分文献采用的疏散顺序都是从上到下,本文还进一步研究讨论了从上到下与从下到上两种不同疏散顺序疏散方式各自的利弊情况；(3)通过数学建模,建立了垂直疏散的数学模型。基于此数学模型,研究保持疏散通道通畅情况下的楼梯疏散策略与方法,并进一步研究电梯-楼梯耦合情况的最优疏散策略；(4)基于元胞自动机模型研究了楼梯及电梯-楼梯耦合情况下的疏散,并讨论恐慌心理及超越行为对整体疏散的影响。
[Abstract]:With the city urbanization, high-rise buildings have sprung up in the world. They bring convenience to people at the same time, but also to the public safety is a huge risk. Once high-rise buildings are on fire or terrorist attacks, rapid developments, evacuation is difficult, if not reasonable evacuation strategies, methods are not suitable and very easy to cause a lot of extra loss of life and property. In recent years, all kinds of buildings (such as subway, shopping malls etc.) the evacuation has been widely studied, some relevant research methods, such as evacuation drills, pedestrian circulation investigation, experimental research and modeling have been used to evacuate evacuation of all types of building. At the same time, many research results in reality the evacuation gained application.
As everyone knows, for the evacuation of all kinds of buildings, the stairs is still the most traditional and only advocate the evacuation and escape, but with the continuous expansion of the scale of modern building structures, diversification and the increasing building height, evacuation staircase met objectively unable to overcome drawbacks, such as: the evacuation time is long, poor security, but also not conducive to young Laoruobingcan evacuation. If only use staircase for evacuation, a considerable number of people will because of the time too late and trapped upstairs. And other traditional vertical evacuation tools, such as ladders, evacuation staircase, slow down the machine, take refuge bags, they also can meet the needs of a few people escape and, the specific application is still subject to many constraints, not suitable for large-scale evacuation, especially in high-rise buildings to escape. How to make all personnel in the building safe, efficient evacuation To a safe area, is a growing concern and attention. The elevator evacuation with the evacuation of short distance transport, less time, energy loss etc., has great significance for the personnel evacuation in high-rise buildings. And with the reliability and intelligence of lift increasing, elevator vertical traffic is bound to bear the daily tasks will as an effective way to make full use of vertical evacuation. Assist lift, improve the evacuation efficiency of high-rise building is a problem worthy of further study.
This paper mainly aims at building stairs bus platform features, ladder structure, personnel evacuation priority attribute, factors affecting the overall evacuation time and evacuation stair lift coupling strategy research, aimed at the construction of emergency evacuation when the personnel confluence phenomenon, analysis of evacuation time and pedestrian flow characteristics, and provide guidance support for the structural design of the building of emergency management and emergency evacuation of personnel.
This paper mainly uses computer simulation (such as Pathfinder simulation, MATLAB algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis and numerical calculation programming) bus landing on the condition of high-rise building evacuation process, discusses the dispersion characteristics of the elevator - stairs coupled sparse. The main work of this paper includes the following aspects: (1) study on the confluence characteristics of evacuation staircase, by adjusting the position of the door into the bus platform, looking for a variety of bus under favorable evacuation requirements, and further research on the influence of evacuation staircase structure, comparing two evacuation stairs and double run stair, influence degree of evacuation characteristics and obstacles of two on the ladder two kinds of trapezoid evacuation; (2) characteristics of the elevator - stairs evacuation coupling, seeking the best way to evacuate the coupling of elevator and stairs. At the same time, through the arrangement of people The researchers, characteristics of the influence of coupling evacuation. Considering the evacuation order at present most literatures are used from top to bottom, this paper further discussed from top to bottom and from the bottom to the top two different evacuation order evacuation style of their pros and cons; (3) was established through mathematical model. The mathematical model of vertical evacuation. Based on this mathematical model, the research to maintain evacuation channel unobstructed situation staircase evacuation strategies and methods, and further study the optimal elevator - stairs coupling evacuation strategy; (4) based on cellular automaton model of staircases and elevator - stairs coupling case, and discuss the panic and act beyond the impact on overall evacuation.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU972.4

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