安全系统工程在拆除爆破中的应用

发布时间：2018-03-24 08:54

本文选题：拆除爆破　切入点：安全分析　出处：《内蒙古科技大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着经济的发展，，世界建筑物、构筑物的建设越来越快，一些老旧的建筑设施需要进行拆除来更新换代。在对建筑物、构筑物的拆除施工中，其中拆除爆破以其安全、快速、经济的特点而被广泛的应用。但控制爆破的安全是相对性的，若是对拆除爆破的危险控制不当会产生比其他拆除施工方法更大的危害。拆除爆破的风险是由其特殊性决定的。拆除爆破大多在建筑密集、人口密集区域中进行，需要对倒塌范围、方向，振动等方面进行精确控制，并且随着科技的进步，现代建筑的高度也越来越高，造型和结构也越来越复杂和多样化。这些因素都对拆除爆破的安全性提出了更高的要求，尤其对城市建筑物、构筑物拆除爆破的安全控制极度重要。实现拆除爆破的安全目标是优先考虑的问题。而运用安全系统工程的方法对拆除爆破进行分析、评价可以达到理想的效果。论文首先利用安全系统工程的知识，对拆除爆破系统进行功能分解，使大系统分解为便于观察与分析的小部件。系统分解后，对系统的危险源进行查找、归类，然后利用安全系统工程中的分析方法进行系统安全分析。首先利用预先危险性分析对系统危险性有个初步认识，然后再利用事件树和事故树分析方法对特定部件或事故进行详细的、有针对性分析。例如，利用事件树法分析拆除爆破系统的起爆网路、电器网路的可靠性，利用事故树法分析拆除爆破系统中经常会发生的飞石伤人、触地震动、爆而未倒等事故的发生概率、发生过程、发生原因等，并且利用事故树法中的最小割集和最小径集法得到导致事故发生和不发生的最小原因事件组合，进一步利用结构重要度分析判断这些原因事件的重要程度大小，以便经济、快速、高效的进行事故预防。系统安全评价是对系统或者系统危险源的风险进行评价，安全评价是在系统危险因素定性和定量分析基础上进行的，且安全评价需要一个给定的安全标准进行对比，从而得到系统或者危险源的安全状况。例如，在预先危险性分析中，对拆除爆破系统的危险源按危险性四等级法进行列表定性评价。事故树中，求取顶事件发生概率可进行定量评价。本文的安全决策部分属于模糊决策，即将拆除爆系统中模糊的安全属性通过各种评价准则进行定量化，然后通过安全决策模型得到系统的风险。首先构造拆除爆破系统安全决策模型，列出其中影响安全的因素，并按照我们选取的评判准则对这些因素进行评判打分，最后根据决策模型对拆除爆破系统进行综合安全决策，得到系统的危险程度。本文的研究模式可以为以后类似的拆除爆破工程安全控制提供模板。文章从拆除爆破系统的分解、危险源辨识、归类方法以及重大危险源辨识和预防方法，到工程的风险计算方法都可以作为工程技术人员的参考。本文的研究过程比较依赖于以往相近系统、相近事故的资料收集、分析、归纳和实际的工程经验，所以若要提高本文研究内容的可靠性必须认真做好以上两点。
[Abstract]:With the development of economy, the world building construction, building more and more quickly, some of the old buildings to be dismantled. In the upgrading of buildings, demolition construction structures, including demolition blasting for its safe, fast and economic characteristics and has been widely used. But the control of blasting safety is relative if the risk control of blasting demolition of the improper will produce more harm than other construction methods.
Demolition blasting risk is determined by its particularity. Mostly in blasting demolition of building density, the area of dense population, need to collapse, the vibration direction range, and other aspects of precise control, and with the progress of science and technology, modern building height is also more and more high, and the other structure is more complex and diversified. All of these factors on the safety of demolition blasting has put forward higher requirements, especially for city buildings, building demolition blasting safety control is extremely important.
To achieve security objectives demolition blasting is a priority. And using the method of safety system engineering to demolition blasting are analyzed, the evaluation can achieve the desired results.
Firstly, using safety system engineering knowledge of demolition blasting system functions, the system is decomposed into small parts to facilitate the observation and analysis of the system. After the decomposition of the dangerous source system for search, classification, and system safety analysis using analysis method in safety system engineering. Firstly, risk the analysis has a preliminary understanding of the system risk, and then using event tree and fault tree analysis method for specific components or accident detailed, targeted analysis. For example, the analysis of demolition blasting initiation network system using event tree method, the reliability of network appliances, analysis often occur in the system of demolition blasting flyrocks hurt. Using fault tree analysis to ground vibration, the probability of occurrence of explosion, and did not fall and other accidents, the causes, and the fault tree with the minimum cut set and least path Set method can lead to accidents and incidents will not occur because the minimum combination of rapid further use of structural importance analysis is important to judge the degree of these reasons the size of the event, so that the economic, efficient, to prevent accidents. Safety evaluation system is to evaluate the risk of the system or the system of risk sources, safety evaluation is based on qualitative and the quantitative analysis system of risk factors, comparison of safety standards and safety assessment is required for a given security situation, resulting in the system or dangerous source. For example, in the preliminary hazard analysis, hazard of blasting demolition system according to the risk level of four list of qualitative evaluation. The accident tree, for take the top event probability can be quantitatively estimated. The safety decision part of this paper belongs to the fuzzy decision to dismantle the security properties of fuzzy system through the evaluation of explosion The quantitative criteria, and then the system risk obtained by safety decision model. We construct the demolition blasting system security model, which lists the factors affecting safe and scoring judge of these factors according to our selection criteria, according to the decision model of blasting demolition system comprehensive safety decision, get the risk degree of the system.
Can this research model for demolition blasting engineering safety control provides similar template. By analyzing the blasting system, hazard identification, classification and identification of major hazards and preventive measures, to project risk calculation method can be used as engineering and technical personnel reference. The research process is dependent on the past. Similar accident system, data collection, analysis, induction and practical engineering experience, so to improve the reliability of this paper must do the above two points.

【学位授予单位】：内蒙古科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU746.5

【参考文献】