办公建筑的生命周期评价

发布时间：2018-04-03 18:54

本文选题：办公建筑　切入点：生命周期　出处：《天津大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着城镇化步伐的加快,我国建筑行业迅猛发展,建筑材料生产造成的能源与资源的消耗巨大,而由建筑运营带来的电耗、水耗、天然气消耗等占我国全社会总能耗的30%以上,而由建筑建造过程、拆除过程产生的固体废弃物产生量超过3亿吨,回收再利用率极低,这不仅造成了我国资源的巨大浪费,同时给我国的土地资源、水资源环境带来的严重的影响。办公建筑作为我国建筑的重要组成,由于其运营阶段的能耗较之居民建筑大得多,在研究中的关注度仅次于居民建筑。本文应用全生命周期评价方法,以北京某绿色办公建筑和宁夏的某普通办公建筑为具体案例,在构建的从“摇篮”到“摇篮”的模型下,依托生命周期评价软件Simapro,分别计算了两个办公建筑建材生产阶段、建筑运营阶段及建筑拆除后建材回收再利用阶段的能耗、环境影响及具体节能减排措施带来的环境收益。计算结果可知,尽管在考虑建筑运营阶段的能耗时,只考虑电力的消耗及集中供热的天然气消耗,办公建筑全生命周期的能耗及同时产生的环境影响的主要贡献阶段是运营阶段。而建筑材料生产阶段的能耗及环境影响不容小觑,其中钢材、混凝土、玻璃、铝合金较之其它建材的贡献率要大得多,被视为主体材料,在建筑固体物处理情境中也是选取的这几种建材。对建筑运营建材采取的节能减排措施,即使用30%的天然气清洁能源发电、将室内空调的设计温度升高1°C以及在午饭或非办公时间内关闭空调系统及照明系统1h,该阶段的环境影响情况分别会降低7.3%,1.6%和0.8%。而对建筑废弃物进行回收再利用,再利用率为80%时,案例一使得人类健康、生态质量及资源耗竭在全生命周期中的影响分别降低了11.3%,12.7%和7.1%;在相同的情景假设中,它们在建筑全生命周期中的影响分别降低了11.9%,20.6%和4.2%。计算投资回收期可知,考虑静态回收期时,需要6年能够回收由绿色建材投入造成的增量成本,考虑动态回收期时,需要8年能够回收由绿色建材投入造成的增量成本。灵敏度分析可知,建筑运营阶段的节电行为,相比于通过改善建筑结构来减少建筑材料使用量,更能有效地节能减排。而建筑使用的寿命越长,每年每平方米的建筑能耗及环境影响就越小。
[Abstract]:With the acceleration of urbanization and the rapid development of the construction industry in China, the energy and resources consumption caused by the production of building materials is enormous, while the electricity consumption, water consumption and natural gas consumption brought by the construction operation account for more than 30% of the total energy consumption in the whole society.However, the amount of solid waste produced by the construction and demolition process is over 300 million tons, and the recovery and reutilization ratio is extremely low. This has not only resulted in a huge waste of resources in China, but also given China's land resources.The serious impact of water resources on the environment.Office building as an important component of Chinese architecture, because of its operation phase of energy consumption is much larger than residential buildings, in the study of the degree of attention is second only to residential buildings.Taking a green office building in Beijing and an ordinary office building in Ningxia as a case study, this paper applies the whole life cycle evaluation method under the model of "cradle" to "cradle".Based on the life cycle evaluation software Simapro, the energy consumption, environmental impact and environmental benefits brought by specific energy saving and emission reduction measures were calculated in two stages of building materials production, construction operation and recycling of building materials after demolition.The calculation results show that, although the energy consumption of the building operation phase is considered, only the consumption of electricity and the natural gas consumption of central heating are considered.The main contribution stage of energy consumption and environmental impact in the whole life cycle of office buildings is the operational phase.The energy consumption and environmental impact during the production of building materials should not be underestimated. Among them, steel, concrete, glass and aluminum alloys contribute much more than other building materials, and are regarded as the main materials.These building materials are also selected in the architectural solid disposal situation.Energy saving and emission reduction measures for building and operating building materials, which use 30% of natural gas clean energy to generate electricity,If the design temperature of indoor air conditioning is raised by 1 掳C and the air conditioning system and lighting system are closed for 1 hour during lunch or off-office hours, the environmental impact of this stage will be reduced by 7.3% and 0.8% respectively.In case one, the impact of human health, ecological quality and resource depletion on the whole life cycle was reduced by 11.37% and 7.1%, respectively, when the recycling of construction waste was carried out with a recycling efficiency of 80%; in the same scenario, the impact of human health, ecological quality and resource depletion on the whole life cycle was reduced by 11.37% and 7.1%, respectively.Their effects in the whole life cycle of buildings decreased by 11.9g / 20.6% and 4.2%, respectively.When considering the static payback period, it takes 6 years to recover the incremental cost caused by the green building materials input, and 8 years to recover the incremental cost caused by the green building materials input when the dynamic payback period is considered.The sensitivity analysis shows that the power saving behavior in the construction operation phase is more effective than reducing the use of building materials by improving the building structure.The longer the building life, the less energy consumption and environmental impact per square meter each year.
【学位授予单位】：天津大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU243;X82

【相似文献】