湖湘园林发展研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 14:13

本文选题：湖湘园林 + 湖湘文化　；参考：《中南林业科技大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：通过对大量文献史料、考古实证及民间传说的梳理,结合实地调研,对湖湘园林的历史发展脉络进行剖析,力求系统地、全面地揭示湖湘园林从起源到发展各历史时期的本来面目,总结湖湘园林发展的规律及其特点。希望本文的研究成果对湖湘园林的进一步深入研究起到抛砖引玉的作用。本文的主要研究成果有以下几点： (1)湖湘园林起源于迄今6500余年前的原始社会晚期。澧县城头山“中国第一城”考古发现的祭坛、稻种、墓葬等遗迹,证明湖湘园林起源于原始的宗教信仰、图腾崇拜等祭祀活动及其附属设施。 (2)对湖湘园林发展各历史时期进行了分析,总结出湖湘园林的发展经历了以下七个阶段： ①秦统一以前,为湖湘园林的起源萌动期。湖湘园林起源于迄今6500余年前的原始社会晚期,城头山遗址的城门、护城河、祭坛、墓葬、稻田等遗迹齐全,具备了园林的基本要件。 ②秦汉三国两晋南北朝时期,为湖湘园林的初始发展期。该时期,王室园林、陵园园林、衙署园林形成基本格局,塔、庙、宫、观等园林建筑悄然兴起。 ③隋唐五代时期,为湖湘园林的高速发展期。宗教园林、贬官园林及马楚时期兴建的王室园林,达到历史最高的水平。 ④宋元时期,为湖湘园林的平稳过渡期。书院园林兴起,在全国占有重要地位。潇湘八景的出现,丰富了湖湘园林的文化内涵。元代实行土司制度,促进了少数民族聚居区园林文化的发展。 ⑤明清时期,为湖湘园林的发展成熟期。宗教园林、私家园林、衙署园林、王室园林、会馆园林等进入了快速发展的阶段。此时的湖湘园林,数量多、门类全、品位高,是进入成熟发展期的主要标志。 ⑥近现代(1840-1949),为湖湘园林的中外融合期。中西园林艺术的融合交流,对湖湘园林的发展起到了积极的作用。 ⑦中华人民共和国成立至今,为湖湘园林的全面发展期。城市公园、森林公园、地质公园、湿地公园等公共园林的相继兴起,各类型园林全面发展。 (3)通过对湖湘园林历史发展脉络的梳理,总结归纳出以下主要园林类型及特点： ①祭祀园林：起源早,生命力强,园林布局大多中轴对称,较大规模的建有亭台楼阁。 ②王室园林：择地于权力中心,集王宫、园苑为一体,楼阁殿堂、廊榭亭台与自然山水景观互为衬托。 ③陵园园林：大多选址风水宝地,园林布局规整,广植树木,隐蔽性强。 ④衙署园林：一般设在所辖中心区域,园林空间布局以前衙门后庭苑为主,园林绿化程度较高,古树名木也很常见。 ⑤湘西园林：以湖湘西部少数民族聚居地所营建的园林为主。依山面水、因地制宜、就地取材是其主要特征。 ⑥寺观园林：多择名山胜地,强调中轴对称,主次分明,古树名木多有栽植。 ⑦私家园林：造园手法灵活多样,占地面积大小不等,亭台楼阁、山水植物等园林要素依园主的意愿营建。 ⑧庄园园林：常建于城郊,规模宏大,园林布局以田园式风格为主,常凿池、建亭廊等。 ⑨贬官园林：多在贬官活动区域内选址营造,以祠、庙、阁、楼等园林建筑形式为主,园林文化内涵丰富。 ⑩书院园林：一般在环境清静、自然景观秀美的地方修建。园林布局以讲堂为中心展开,中轴对称,多重院落组合。天井、连廊及四周常设有园林小品。 ⑩会馆园林：是集聚会、商谈、食宿、娱乐等功能于一身的综合性园林。大院高墙,门楼宏伟,园林建筑装饰精美。选址多在繁华商业重镇交通便利之处。 ⑩公共园林：功能齐全,形式多样,具有公共游览性,兼收传统与现代不同的造园风格和造园理念。 (4)本文尝试性地提出了“贬官园林”这一概念,即指被流放、贬谪、罢黜的官员,亲身设计并营造,以及后人营造的,与流贬官员关系密切的文化氛围厚重的各类型园林。
[Abstract]:This paper analyzes the historical development of Huxiang Garden by combing the historical materials of literature , archaeological demonstration and folk legends , and makes a systematic and comprehensive exposition of the historical development of Huxiang Garden from the origin to the historical period of development and summarizes the law and characteristics of the development of Huxiang Garden .

( 1 ) Huxiang Garden originated from the primitive society in the late period of more than 6,500 years ago . It is proved that Huxiang Garden originated from primitive religious belief , tutemism and other sacrifice activities and its ancillary facilities .

( 2 ) The historical period of the development of Huxiang garden is analyzed , and the following seven stages are summarized :

Before the Qin unification , it was the origin of the gardens of Huxiang . Huxiang garden originated from the late primitive society of more than 65 years ago , the city gate of Chengtou Mountain site , the guard city river , the altar , the tomb , the rice field and so on are complete , have the basic elements of the garden .

( 2 ) During the period of the two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Qin and Han Dynasties , it was the initial development period of the gardens of Huxiang . During the period , the gardens of the royal family , the garden of the garden , and the garden of the Yaound formed the basic pattern , the tower , the temple , the palace , the view and other garden buildings emerged quietly .

The fifth generation period of Sui and Tang Dynasties was the high - speed development period of Huxiang gardens . The religious gardens , detractors and the royal gardens built during the period of Ma Chu reached the highest level of history .

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties , it was the smooth transition period of the gardens of Huxiang . The rise of the academy garden was an important position in the whole country . The appearance of the eight scenery in the Yuan Dynasty enriched the cultural connotation of the garden of Huxiang . The division system was adopted in the Yuan Dynasty , which promoted the development of the garden culture in the inhabited area of ethnic minorities .

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties , it was the stage of rapid development for the development and maturity of Huxiang Garden . The garden of religion , private garden , Yaya garden , royal garden and exhibition hall garden entered the stage of rapid development .

( 6 ) Modern ( 1840 - 1949 ) , which has played an active role in the development of Huxiang Garden .

Since the founding of the People ' s Republic of China , the People ' s Republic of China has developed a comprehensive development period for the gardens of Huxiang . The city park , the forest park , the geological park , the wetland park and other public gardens have emerged successively , and each type of garden is fully developed .

( 3 ) By combing the historical development of Huxiang Garden , the following main garden types and characteristics are summarized :

( 1 ) sacrificial gardens : the origin is early , the vitality is strong , the landscape layout is mostly axisymmetric , and a pavilion is built on the larger scale .

( 2 ) The royal garden : the power center , the collection palace , the park is a whole , the building hall , the porch pavilion and the natural landscape of the landscape are mutually supportive .

( 3 ) Garden of Lingyuan : Most of the site is located at the site of wind and water , the layout of the garden is regular , the tree is planted , and the concealment is strong .

( 4 ) Yaya Garden : Generally based in the central area under the jurisdiction , the garden space layout is dominated by Yamen ' s back court garden , and the garden greening degree is higher , and the ancient tree name wood is also very common .

( 5 ) Xiangxi Garden : The main characteristics of Xiangxi garden : the garden which is built by the minority communities in the west of Huxiang . According to the water of the mountains , the local conditions are suitable , and the material is the main characteristic .

( 6 ) temple garden : an optional famous mountain resort , which emphasizes the symmetry of the middle axis , the main time is divided , and the ancient tree is planted with more trees .

( 7 ) Private gardens : the gardening technique is flexible and diverse , and the land area is large and small , and the garden elements such as the pavilion pavilion and the mountain water plant are constructed according to the wishes of the garden .

( 8 ) estate garden : often built in the suburbs of the city , large - scale , garden layout dominated by field style style , often gouged pond , Jianting corridor and so on .

( 9 ) The connotation of garden culture is rich in the construction of the park buildings , such as Ancestral Hall , Temple , Pavilion , Building , etc .

The garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences : It is usually constructed in the areas where the environment is quiet and the natural landscape is beautiful . The garden layout is unfolded in the center of the lecture hall , the middle axis is symmetrical , and the multi - compound courtyard is combined . The courtyard , the corridor and the surrounding permanent garden small products .

The garden of the exhibition hall is a comprehensive garden with functions of gathering , negotiation , lodging , entertainment and the like . The large courtyard is high wall , the gate building is magnificent , and the garden building is decorated beautifully . The site is located at the location of the traffic convenience of the busy commercial heavy town .

The public gardens : full of functions , diverse forms , public tours , traditional and modern garden styles and garden ideas .

( 4 ) This article tries to put forward the concept of " detractors garden " , that is , the officials who are exiled , degating , dethroned , designed and built , as well as the types of gardens which are created by the latter , which are closely related to the officials .

【学位授予单位】：中南林业科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU-098.4

【参考文献】