传统村落民居生土建筑营造工艺及其优化应用研究

发布时间：2018-05-14 03:33

本文选题：生土建筑 + 营造工艺　；参考：《重庆大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：传统生土建筑因其取材便利、造价低廉、环保节能及建造简单,目前在我国农村地区仍大量存在并被使用着。随着经济的快速发展和城镇化进程的加快,同时生土建筑自身耐候性、结构安全性、室内光和热环境舒适性差等问题使其正逐渐被砖混结构房屋所替代。因此,总结生土建筑的传统营造技术,并从安全性与节能性角度提出技术优化措施,解决阻碍其传承和发展的顽疾尤为重要。论文通过现有文献和实地考察资料,梳理与总结了生土建筑的形态特征、营造技术,针对现存的质量与能耗问题从生土材料性能改善、设计与构造、营造工艺三方面提出优化措施。最后,借助Ecotect软件对节能技术进行数值模拟并对比分析,得出各气候区最适宜的节能改造技术。通过查阅相关资料和实地调研访谈,对传统窑洞建筑、夯土和土坯建筑的构造形式、营建过程与做法进行详细记录与总结。调查发现,现存生土建筑在安全性方面存在墙体受侵蚀破坏严重、墙体裂缝普遍存在、挑梁与檐檩变形严重、建筑抵抗震害能力差等问题。有针对性的提出优化措施:生土材料改性方面,通过抗剪与抗压强度及抗冲刷性能试验得出,粘土中单掺细砂、植物纤维、玻璃纤维和水玻璃以及细砂与其它改性剂互掺均能提高其性能。各改性剂的最优配比为:细砂40%、植物纤维0.5%、玻璃纤维0.5%、水玻璃8%;并根据改性土力学性能与抗冲刷性提升效果得出改性剂的优选原则;建筑设计、构造及营造工艺方面:对生土房屋的层数与高度、墙体高厚比、房屋局部尺寸设计限值,采取墙体纵横向加筋、增设圈梁和构造柱及门窗洞口加固的方法提高生土房屋的抗震性能,通过增加土的预处理工序、采用新型高效夯筑工具、使用更合理的夯筑与砌筑方法、采用土墙面层钢丝网加固及加强屋架与墙体、屋架各构件之间的连接性来提高房屋的整体性与抗震性能。现存生土建筑节能方面存在的问题:室内采光差、围护结构保温隔热性能与围和性差、窗墙比普遍偏小、能源利用方式粗犷等。通过各气候区典型生土建筑在节能技术下的能耗模拟与数值分析,得出最适宜节能技术:严寒干旱较强辐射区,首先宜采用厚重型外墙,其次是附加阳光间,最后采用厚重型屋面;寒冷干旱强辐射区,附设阳光间效果最好,其次采用厚重型外墙,然后是屋面加保温层;夏热冬冷低辐射区,首先宜用屋顶加保温层,其次是采用厚重的围护墙体,最后是用节能外窗;炎热湿润强辐射区,宜采用厚重型外墙,其次增大窗户面积加强通风。最后,增设吊顶、采用单纯增大窗墙比和更换窗框材料的做法,对各气候区建筑的保温隔热效果影响均较小。
[Abstract]:Because of its convenience, low cost, environmental protection and energy saving and simple construction, the traditional soil building is still widely used and used in the rural areas of China. With the rapid development of the economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the weatherability of the building itself, the safety of the structure, the poor comfort of the indoor light and thermal environment are becoming more and more serious. It is replaced by brick and concrete building. Therefore, it is very important to sum up the traditional construction technology of the earth building, and to put forward the technical optimization measures from the angle of safety and energy saving, and to solve the stubborn disease which hinders its inheritance and development. The existing quality and energy consumption problems from the improvement of raw soil material performance, design and construction, construction technology three aspects of the optimization measures. Finally, with the aid of Ecotect software to numerical simulation of energy saving technology and comparative analysis, get the most suitable energy saving transformation technology in each climate zone. Through checking related data and field investigation and interview, the traditional cave cave The construction, the structure of Rammed Soil and the adobe building, the construction process and the practice are recorded and summarized in detail. It is found that the existing soil buildings are seriously damaged by the erosion of the wall, the wall cracks are widespread, the deformation of the beam and the eaves purlin is serious, and the building resistance to the earthquake damage ability is poor. In the modification of raw soil materials, through the test of shear and compressive strength and resistance to scour resistance, it is concluded that the properties of single mixed sand, plant fiber, glass fiber and water glass, fine sand and other modifiers in clay can improve their performance. The optimum ratio of each modifier is 40% of fine sand, 0.5% of plant fiber, 0.5% of glass fiber, 8% of glass, and 8% of water glass. The mechanical properties of the modified soil and the improvement of the anti scouring effect obtained the optimization principle of the modifier; the architectural design, construction and construction technology: the number and height of the earth house, the height to thickness ratio of the wall, the limit value of the local size of the house, the vertical and horizontal reinforcement of the wall, the reinforcement of the ring beam and the construction column and the opening of the doors and windows of the doors and windows to improve the living room. The seismic performance of the house is improved by increasing the pre treatment process of soil, using a new type of efficient ramming tool, using a more reasonable ramming and masonry method, strengthening and strengthening the roof and wall, the connectivity between the various components of the roof to improve the integrity and seismic performance of the building. Problems: the indoor lighting is poor, the insulation and insulation performance of the enclosure structure is poor, the window and wall are smaller and the way of energy utilization is rough. Through the simulation and numerical analysis of energy consumption in the energy saving technology, the most suitable energy saving technology is obtained through the energy saving technology of the typical soil buildings in each climate zone. It is an additional sunlight room with heavy heavy roof; the cold arid and strong radiation area has the best effect, followed by thick and heavy wall, and then the roof and heat preservation layer; the hot summer and winter cold low radiation zone, the first should be with the roof and the insulation layer, followed by the heavy wall, the last is the energy saving exterior window, the hot and humid and strong radiation area, It is appropriate to adopt heavy and heavy wall, and then increase the ventilation of the window area. Finally, adding the ceiling, adopting the method of simply increasing the ratio of window and wall and changing the material of window frame, has little effect on the thermal insulation effect of the buildings in each climate zone.

【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TU241.5;TU201.5

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