建筑声学缩尺模型测量关键技术研究
发布时间：2018-08-06 15:33
【摘要】：建筑声学缩尺模型实验是厅堂音质设计的重要辅助手段。国际上对于以自然声演出为主的大型厅堂，通常需在建筑设计初期通过声学缩尺模型实验来预测其音质效果，，确保其建成后具有良好的音质。2007年颁布的《厅堂音质模型实验规范GB/T50412-2007》对厅堂混响时间、声场不均匀度和短延时反射声序列分布的测量方法有具体说明。如何通过缩尺模型技术较准确获得厅堂中能量比、清晰度、空间感等音质参数是模型实验研究中的难点及热点问题。本文针对建筑声学缩尺模型测量的关键技术做了以下几方面的研究，包括： 1．对建筑声学缩尺模型测量系统进行了实验验证，在消声室详细测量分析了高频脉冲声源的线性衰减度和指向性，传声器连接鼻锥后的指向性。综合以上测量分析结果，得出该套缩尺模型测量系统的有效测量频带范围为630Hz～125kHz（1/3倍频带的中心频率），即为562Hz～141.3kHz的频率范围内。 2．按照国标要求搭建了1:10和1:20两个缩尺混响室，并对缩尺混响室的混响半径、声场均匀度及缩尺材料吸声系数的计算方法进行了实验验证。根据材料的吸声特性及在厅堂中的应用将缩尺模拟材料分成多孔吸声材料、薄板共振吸声材料、座椅三大类进行详细的匹配实验，找寻到可用于厅堂常用吸声构造的缩尺模拟材料。同时根据多孔吸声材料吸声系数测量结果，综合考虑缩尺材料与座椅椅垫吸声系数与吸声频率特性匹配、加工简单的要求，选择合适的多孔吸声材料制作缩尺座椅，详细测量了不同材质、不同排距座椅的吸声系数，为缩尺厅堂模拟初步构建了缩尺材料资料库。 3．采用双通道测量方法进行厅堂缩尺模型测量，其中一个通道为测量通道，用于记录厅堂各测点脉冲响应，另一通道用于固定参考点位置的脉冲响应测量。以广州大剧院歌剧厅（1:20）、天津文化中心大剧院（1:20）、天津文化中心音乐厅（1:10）三个缩尺模型实验为例详细论述了模型的制备、缩尺材料的模拟、及声场参数测量方法。并将以上模型测量结果与现场实测结果进行对比，分析主要相关音质参数测量的准确度、缩尺模型声场与足尺厅堂声场的差异。对比分析结果表明，上述声学缩尺模型测试技术可在1:20和1:10的缩尺比情况下较准确地预测厅堂重要单通道声场参数，为保证上述重要观演建筑厅堂的一流音质起到了积极的作用。 4．受声源和传声器的限制，缩尺模型实验通常只能用于单通道脉冲响应的测量，如何通过模型实验准确获得厅堂空间感音质参数-双耳互相关系数IACC及实现可听化是声学缩尺模型实验研究中的难点。为实现缩尺人工头的准确测量，本文提出了一种综合利用3D扫描技术、3D建模技术和3D打印技术制作1:10缩尺人工头的方法。利用该技术，不仅可保证缩尺人工头面部、耳廓及躯干的精确尺寸，而且通过三维建模软件建立了耳道的简化3D模型，通过3D打印后制成包括耳道的缩尺人工头，实现了将1/8英寸传声器内置在缩尺人工头内的新方法。按照该方法制作的1:10缩尺人工头的双耳时间差ITD和双耳声压级ILD及IACC测量结果能较准确地与足尺人工头的测量结果相对应。经该人工头应用于天津文化中心音乐厅1:10缩尺模型测量，结果表明模型与现场测量的IACC结果基本一致。该方法可用于建筑声学缩尺模型实验中厅堂空间感参数IACC的测量，并有望应用于实现缩尺模型可听化技术。
[Abstract]:The scale model experiment of architectural acoustics is an important auxiliary means for the acoustical design of the hall. For large auditorium with natural sound, the acoustical effect of the acoustical scale model is usually predicted in the early stage of the architectural design, and the sound quality model experiment rules issued by the sound quality.2007 year after the completion of the sound quality are ensured. The method of measuring the reverberation time of the hall, the unevenness of sound field and the distribution of the short delay reflected sound sequence is explained by fan GB/T50412-2007>. How to obtain the energy ratio, clarity and space sense by the scale model technique is the difficult and hot issue in the study of the model experiment. This paper is aimed at the scale of the architectural acoustics. The key technologies of model measurement have been studied in the following aspects, including:
1. the experimental verification of the building acoustic scale model measurement system is carried out. The linear attenuation and directivity of the high frequency pulse sound source are measured and analyzed in the anechoic chamber. The directivity of the microphone after the nose cone is connected. The effective measurement band range of the measuring system is 630Hz to 125kHz (1/3 The center frequency of the octave band is 562Hz to 141.3kHz frequency range.
2. the two scale reverberation rooms at 1:10 and 1:20 are set up according to the requirements of the national standard, and the calculation method of the reverberation radius, the uniformity of sound field and the sound absorption coefficient of the scale material in the miniature reverberation chamber is verified experimentally. The sound absorption properties of the materials and the application of the scale in the hall are divided into porous sound absorbing materials and the resonance absorption material of the thin plate. Material and seat three kinds of matching experiments are carried out in detail to find the scale analog material which can be used in the sound absorption structure of the hall. According to the measurement result of the sound absorption coefficient of the porous sound absorbing material, the matching of the sound absorption coefficient and the sound absorption frequency characteristic of the scale material and the seat cushion is considered, and the simple processing requirement is made, and the suitable porous sound absorption material is selected. The sound absorption coefficients of seats with different materials and row spacing were measured in detail. The data base of scale materials was preliminarily constructed for the simulation of scale hall.
3. the double channel measurement method is used to measure the auditorium scale model, one of which is the measurement channel, which is used to record the impulse response of the various points in the hall. The other channel is used to measure the impulse response of the fixed reference point position. The Guangzhou Grand Theatre Opera Hall (1:20), the Tianjin Cultural Center Grand Theatre (1:20), the Tianjin Cultural Center Concert Hall. Three scale model experiments are taken as an example to elaborate the preparation of the model, the simulation of the scale material and the method of measuring the parameters of the sound field. The accuracy of the measurement of the main related acoustic parameters, the difference between the sound field of the scale model and the sound field of the full scale hall are analyzed. The above acoustic scale model test technique can predict the important single channel sound field parameters of hall more accurately at the scale ratio of 1:20 and 1:10, and play an active role in ensuring the first class sound quality of the building hall.
4. limited by the sound source and the microphone, the scale model experiment can only be used only for the measurement of single channel impulse response. How to obtain the acoustical parameters of the hall space by the model experiment is the difficult point in the experimental study of the acoustic miniature model, which is the accurate measurement of the scale artificial head. In this paper, a method of making use of 3D scanning technology, 3D modeling technology and 3D printing technology to make the 1:10 scale artificial head is proposed, which can not only guarantee the exact size of the artificial head, face, ear and trunk, but also establish the simplified 3D model of the ear canal through the 3D modeling software, and make the contraction of the ear canal by 3D printing. A new method of putting the 1/8 inch microphone into the scale artificial head is realized by the ruler. The results of the two ears time difference ITD and the double ear sound pressure level ILD and IACC produced by this method are relatively accurate with the measurement results of full scale artificial head. The artificial head is applied to the Tianjin Cultural Center Concert Hall 1:1. The 0 scale model measurement shows that the model is basically in agreement with the IACC results measured in the field. This method can be used to measure the spatial sense parameter IACC of the auditorium in the building acoustics scale model experiment, and is expected to be applied to the realization of the scale model audible technology.
【学位授予单位】：华南理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU112
[Abstract]:The scale model experiment of architectural acoustics is an important auxiliary means for the acoustical design of the hall. For large auditorium with natural sound, the acoustical effect of the acoustical scale model is usually predicted in the early stage of the architectural design, and the sound quality model experiment rules issued by the sound quality.2007 year after the completion of the sound quality are ensured. The method of measuring the reverberation time of the hall, the unevenness of sound field and the distribution of the short delay reflected sound sequence is explained by fan GB/T50412-2007>. How to obtain the energy ratio, clarity and space sense by the scale model technique is the difficult and hot issue in the study of the model experiment. This paper is aimed at the scale of the architectural acoustics. The key technologies of model measurement have been studied in the following aspects, including:
1. the experimental verification of the building acoustic scale model measurement system is carried out. The linear attenuation and directivity of the high frequency pulse sound source are measured and analyzed in the anechoic chamber. The directivity of the microphone after the nose cone is connected. The effective measurement band range of the measuring system is 630Hz to 125kHz (1/3 The center frequency of the octave band is 562Hz to 141.3kHz frequency range.
2. the two scale reverberation rooms at 1:10 and 1:20 are set up according to the requirements of the national standard, and the calculation method of the reverberation radius, the uniformity of sound field and the sound absorption coefficient of the scale material in the miniature reverberation chamber is verified experimentally. The sound absorption properties of the materials and the application of the scale in the hall are divided into porous sound absorbing materials and the resonance absorption material of the thin plate. Material and seat three kinds of matching experiments are carried out in detail to find the scale analog material which can be used in the sound absorption structure of the hall. According to the measurement result of the sound absorption coefficient of the porous sound absorbing material, the matching of the sound absorption coefficient and the sound absorption frequency characteristic of the scale material and the seat cushion is considered, and the simple processing requirement is made, and the suitable porous sound absorption material is selected. The sound absorption coefficients of seats with different materials and row spacing were measured in detail. The data base of scale materials was preliminarily constructed for the simulation of scale hall.
3. the double channel measurement method is used to measure the auditorium scale model, one of which is the measurement channel, which is used to record the impulse response of the various points in the hall. The other channel is used to measure the impulse response of the fixed reference point position. The Guangzhou Grand Theatre Opera Hall (1:20), the Tianjin Cultural Center Grand Theatre (1:20), the Tianjin Cultural Center Concert Hall. Three scale model experiments are taken as an example to elaborate the preparation of the model, the simulation of the scale material and the method of measuring the parameters of the sound field. The accuracy of the measurement of the main related acoustic parameters, the difference between the sound field of the scale model and the sound field of the full scale hall are analyzed. The above acoustic scale model test technique can predict the important single channel sound field parameters of hall more accurately at the scale ratio of 1:20 and 1:10, and play an active role in ensuring the first class sound quality of the building hall.
4. limited by the sound source and the microphone, the scale model experiment can only be used only for the measurement of single channel impulse response. How to obtain the acoustical parameters of the hall space by the model experiment is the difficult point in the experimental study of the acoustic miniature model, which is the accurate measurement of the scale artificial head. In this paper, a method of making use of 3D scanning technology, 3D modeling technology and 3D printing technology to make the 1:10 scale artificial head is proposed, which can not only guarantee the exact size of the artificial head, face, ear and trunk, but also establish the simplified 3D model of the ear canal through the 3D modeling software, and make the contraction of the ear canal by 3D printing. A new method of putting the 1/8 inch microphone into the scale artificial head is realized by the ruler. The results of the two ears time difference ITD and the double ear sound pressure level ILD and IACC produced by this method are relatively accurate with the measurement results of full scale artificial head. The artificial head is applied to the Tianjin Cultural Center Concert Hall 1:1. The 0 scale model measurement shows that the model is basically in agreement with the IACC results measured in the field. This method can be used to measure the spatial sense parameter IACC of the auditorium in the building acoustics scale model experiment, and is expected to be applied to the realization of the scale model audible technology.
【学位授予单位】：华南理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU112
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