北京城市贫困空间分布状况及其特征研究
发布时间：2018-08-26 09:29
【摘要】：城市贫困现象由来已久,在中国,伴随着经济体制市场化转轨和社会结构工业化转型,以及城市化进程的加速,陷入贫困状况的居民数量不断增加,许多城市出现了明显的贫困阶层聚居趋势,形成“城市贫困空间”。在此背景下,本文选取北京作为研究对象,从宏观上对北京城市贫困空间的历史演变、现状分布与时空演变特征进行全面分析,并结合典型区域的实地问卷和访谈调研深入了解北京城市贫困空间的微观特征,然后在此基础上探讨北京城市贫困空间的形成机制、影响及其治理对策。本研究的主要结论包括以下三个方面： (一)从北京城市贫困空间的历史演变规律可以发现,不同时期影响北京城市贫困空间分布的主导因子存在较大差异。明、清时期的北京城市空间分化以身份为基础,同时受到制度与宗教的制约；近代北京城市在半殖民地化的社会过程中,出现了商业化、世俗化的社会机制,经济地位则成为空间分化过程的主导因子；现代北京城市贫困空间分布受政策、经济体制、城市化进程等多种因子相互交叉作用,由计划经济时期的均衡发展态势逐步演化为以市场为导向的空间贫富分异。 (二)改革开放后,尤其是90年代以来,北京城市贫困空间存在“剥夺式”重构现象,即城市贫困空间分布呈现由内城向近郊区,进一步向远郊区县发展的动态化趋势。随着土地、住房的价格导向,许多存在于二环、三环以内以本地贫困人口为主的聚居空间已经逐渐走向消亡：另一方面,以流动人口为主的城区边缘贫困空间也开始从原来的三环、四环逐步走向四环、五环、六环及以外区域。在北京城市贫困空间“剥夺式”重构过程中,贫困阶层在失去优质区位的同时,意味着工作机会、医疗服务、子女教育和公共交通等市民权利被部分剥夺与侵占,有可能导致贫困家庭的交通、就业与生活成本增加,向上流动机会减少。(三)城市贫困空问的形成和存在具有规律性和客观性,它是城市空间不均衡发展的结果,与城市化进程密切相关。城市贫困空间的治理应从城市贫困人口本身出发,而当前的城市政策多只针对贫困空间本身进行拆迁改造或环境美化,缺乏以减少贫困人口为目标的保障政策,因而达到的效果往往只是城市贫困在空间上的“转移”。
[Abstract]:The phenomenon of urban poverty has a long history. In China, with the marketization of economic system, the transformation of social structure industrialization, and the acceleration of urbanization, the number of residents falling into poverty is increasing. Many cities have appeared the obvious poor class concentration tendency, forms "the urban poverty space". Under this background, this article selects Beijing as the research object, from the macroscopic aspect carries on the comprehensive analysis to the historical evolution, the present situation distribution and the space-time evolution characteristic of the Beijing urban poverty space. Based on the field questionnaire and interview investigation in typical areas, the micro characteristics of urban poverty space in Beijing are deeply understood, and then the formation mechanism, influence and management countermeasures of urban poverty space in Beijing are discussed. The main conclusions of this study include the following three aspects: (1) from the historical evolution of urban poverty space in Beijing, it can be found that the dominant factors affecting the spatial distribution of urban poverty in Beijing are different in different periods. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the differentiation of Beijing's urban space was based on identity, which was restricted by the system and religion. In the process of semi-colonial society, modern Beijing city appeared the social mechanism of commercialization and secularization. Economic status has become the dominant factor in the process of spatial differentiation, and the spatial distribution of urban poverty in modern Beijing is interacted by various factors, such as policies, economic systems, and the process of urbanization. From the balanced development of planned economy period to the market-oriented spatial differentiation between the rich and the poor. (2) after the reform and opening up, especially since the 1990s, there exists the phenomenon of "deprivation" reconstruction in the urban poverty space in Beijing, that is, the spatial distribution of urban poverty shows a dynamic trend from the inner city to the suburbs, and further to the counties in the suburbs. With the price orientation of land and housing, many of them exist in the second Ring Road. The living space in the third Ring Road, dominated by the local poor, has gradually disappeared: on the other hand, The poverty space on the edge of the urban area, which is dominated by the floating population, has also begun to move from the original three rings, four rings to four rings, five rings, six rings and outside areas. In the process of "deprivation" reconstruction of urban poverty space in Beijing, the poor class, while losing the high-quality location, means that the rights of citizens, such as job opportunities, medical services, children's education and public transportation, are partly deprived and encroached upon. This could lead to increased transport, employment and living costs for poor households, and reduced upward mobility. (3) the formation and existence of urban poverty space is regular and objective. It is the result of the unbalanced development of urban space and is closely related to the process of urbanization. The governance of urban poverty space should be based on the urban poor population itself. However, most of the current urban policies only aim at the demolition and transformation of the poor space itself or the beautification of the environment, and there is no guarantee policy aimed at reducing the number of people living in poverty. As a result, the effect is often only the spatial transfer of urban poverty.
【学位授予单位】：中国城市规划设计研究院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU984.113;F299.27
本文编号：2204443
[Abstract]:The phenomenon of urban poverty has a long history. In China, with the marketization of economic system, the transformation of social structure industrialization, and the acceleration of urbanization, the number of residents falling into poverty is increasing. Many cities have appeared the obvious poor class concentration tendency, forms "the urban poverty space". Under this background, this article selects Beijing as the research object, from the macroscopic aspect carries on the comprehensive analysis to the historical evolution, the present situation distribution and the space-time evolution characteristic of the Beijing urban poverty space. Based on the field questionnaire and interview investigation in typical areas, the micro characteristics of urban poverty space in Beijing are deeply understood, and then the formation mechanism, influence and management countermeasures of urban poverty space in Beijing are discussed. The main conclusions of this study include the following three aspects: (1) from the historical evolution of urban poverty space in Beijing, it can be found that the dominant factors affecting the spatial distribution of urban poverty in Beijing are different in different periods. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the differentiation of Beijing's urban space was based on identity, which was restricted by the system and religion. In the process of semi-colonial society, modern Beijing city appeared the social mechanism of commercialization and secularization. Economic status has become the dominant factor in the process of spatial differentiation, and the spatial distribution of urban poverty in modern Beijing is interacted by various factors, such as policies, economic systems, and the process of urbanization. From the balanced development of planned economy period to the market-oriented spatial differentiation between the rich and the poor. (2) after the reform and opening up, especially since the 1990s, there exists the phenomenon of "deprivation" reconstruction in the urban poverty space in Beijing, that is, the spatial distribution of urban poverty shows a dynamic trend from the inner city to the suburbs, and further to the counties in the suburbs. With the price orientation of land and housing, many of them exist in the second Ring Road. The living space in the third Ring Road, dominated by the local poor, has gradually disappeared: on the other hand, The poverty space on the edge of the urban area, which is dominated by the floating population, has also begun to move from the original three rings, four rings to four rings, five rings, six rings and outside areas. In the process of "deprivation" reconstruction of urban poverty space in Beijing, the poor class, while losing the high-quality location, means that the rights of citizens, such as job opportunities, medical services, children's education and public transportation, are partly deprived and encroached upon. This could lead to increased transport, employment and living costs for poor households, and reduced upward mobility. (3) the formation and existence of urban poverty space is regular and objective. It is the result of the unbalanced development of urban space and is closely related to the process of urbanization. The governance of urban poverty space should be based on the urban poor population itself. However, most of the current urban policies only aim at the demolition and transformation of the poor space itself or the beautification of the environment, and there is no guarantee policy aimed at reducing the number of people living in poverty. As a result, the effect is often only the spatial transfer of urban poverty.
【学位授予单位】：中国城市规划设计研究院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU984.113;F299.27
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