农田边界和居民庭院植物多样性分布格局及植被营建

发布时间：2018-08-27 18:40

【摘要】：庭园和农田边界分别作为农业/农村生态系统中乡村聚落景观和农业生产景观中生物多样性保护的热点区,对这些生境植被的合理管护能有效提高地方生物多样性、生态系统服务功能,增进人类福祉。通过田野调查、访谈,分析并探讨农业景观中农田边界、田间岛屿等非农生境和农村居民庭园植被物种多样性、功能组成及其立地、景观和管理等关键因素影响,并提出了生态植被营建途径及管护建议,为加强农村/农业生态系统管护、优化生态服务提供参考。 1、以华北平原集约化农业景观为研究区,对14个典型生境的植物组成进行分层随机调查,结果显示：(1)在样地水平上,河边坑塘植被带物种丰富度最高,其次为沟渠,果园、棉田、粮田物种丰富度较低,与菜地等4个农业生产生境草本乡土物种比例均≤70%,其中菜地仅30.5%。(2)在生境水平上,田间坟地(9-800m2)拥有最高的物种丰富度(102种)、草本物种(85种)和乡土特有种(6种),林地中有最多的木本物种(13种),其他生境均有特有种。(3)在所有生境中,共计调查到植物161种,分属41科,119属,其中野生种117种,草本131种,草本中58%为乡土物种,74%为杂草,22.1%为恶性杂草；其中野生濒危保护植物3种、外来入侵种(潜在)15种。对于不同尺度,样地尺度比生境尺度上拥有较低的乡土植物和较高比例的杂草；对于不同生境,物种盖度聚类和排序分析显示,田间坟地植被与荒草地不同,具有明显近自然特征,粮棉果蔬农业生产生境与廊道及田间岛屿等半自然生境间差异较大。(4)景观尺度研究表明,从单作农业景观、复合种植农业景观至非农生境镶嵌异质景观等梯度不同的五个景观类型区之间植物丰富度和组成具有显著差异；当农业生产生境饱和后,外来物种和恶性杂草增长趋缓,而随着非农生境多样化,多年生杂草、木本等逐渐增加,尤其是乡土种递增最为明显。 2、系统调查了506条典型农业景观中河渠、生产路、田间路、田间草埂、树埂等5类线性非农生境的植物群落组成。研究显示：共计调查到植物物种123种,农田边界植被科优势现象比较突出,单种属较多。农田边界自生植被型以灌草丛为主,乔木层多为人工栽植,且较单一集中,群落物种组成多以野生杂草种为主。尽管很多物种为广布种,不同类型农田边界在植被物种丰富度、物种功能组成、植被分层及盖度上差异较大。(3)样地尺度α多样性河渠最高,田间草埂最低,β多样性和γ多样性田间路最高,生产路最低。(4)不同农田边界类型之间在群落组成上也有明显差异,其中生产路和田间草埂相似度最大,生产路和田间树埂相似度最低。 3、对农田边界植被组成及其立地和景观尺度等一系列解释变量的研究显示：(1)农田边界植物多样性及其组成受到立地和景观不同尺度众多因素的显著影响；(2)除邻近土地利用、植被结构、样地环境影响因素外,景观特征和管理因素也不容忽视；(3)不同的农田边界功能群物种组成不同,河道沟渠和田间树埂具有较高的自然种、木本种及多年生草本多样性,而农业耐受种较低,含有乔灌层的农田边界拥有较少的农业耐受种和一年生草本,较宽的田间路两种功能组植物丰富度都较高,而较窄的生产路和农田草埂农业耐受种和一二年草本较多。(4)用PCCA方法分析5个不同变量组的影响,结果显示,除受土地利用因素、植被结构和立地环境等立地因素主要影响外,农田边界植物多样性及组成受到的景观因素的影响比管理因素大。 4、以集约化农业景观为研究区,基于乔、灌、草组合模式划分的5种植被结构类型,对“田间岛屿”的植物多样性及其历史和面积因素影响进行了研究。结果显示：(1)在10个1×1km2景观栅格中,共计调查到494个田间岛屿,平均田间岛屿斑块面积为68.3m2,总面积3.38ha,占研究区总面积的0.36%,丰富度却占到景观总物种的64%,是维系该地区农业景观生物多样性重要的热点区域和物种库：(2)田间岛屿植被乡土物种占主导地位,每种植被结构类型均有特有种,调查中记录了3种重点保护濒危植物；(3)不同类型植被结构α、β、γ多样性差异明显,其中物种丰富度从植被结构类型1至5,依次降低,类型4、5有较高的beta多样性和较低的γ多样性；(4)线性回归分析显示,岛屿历史和面积两个因素对样地物种丰富度影响明显,对乔木层和灌木层盖度影响较大,而对草本层无明显影响,研究强调了“田间岛屿”这一非农生境对于维系和恢复集约化农业景观生物多样性的重要性。(5)对田间岛屿生境地被自生植被组成的立地和景观影响因素研究结果显示,在记录的28个环境变量中,有15个显著影响变量参与模型建立,PCCA结果表明植被群落结构因子和景观因子的影响都大于立地环境的作用。 5、对北京沿城市化梯度农村居民庭园植被研究显示,沿该梯度庭园的物种多样性和丰度格局反映了不同地区居民的需求层次差异。从北京近郊到远郊村庄,庭园生物多样性和丰富度的变化呈现从观赏(文化服务)到食用(供给功能)的变化。Rarefaction曲线显示观赏物种是导致地区间庭园p多样性差异的重要因素：排序也显示了物种组成沿城市梯度的显著差异,近郊和偏远农村差异最大,而郊区则与两者均有较高相似度。此外,物种与庭园面积仅在偏远农村呈正相关。较高的食用植物盖度和物种密度,显示了农村庭园种植者比城市的有较高的食用功用需求。 6、对北京农村居民庭园植被垂直配置和水平微环境组成进行定量化研究,分析了庭园面积、不同村庄及城乡梯度对庭园结构的影响。在105户居民庭园中,43.8%具有庭园外园地,农户宅基地面积较小的户倾向于种植外园地,庭园(内外园地)面积平均为189.2ma(37-746m)9；所有庭园中共调查到17种土地利用类型,单个庭园土地利用多样性3-14个不等平均8.9个；不同城乡区位会影响庭园水平土地利用多样性,近郊庭园较少,而且也会影响其面积差异,较大户级总面积支持了较多水平土地利用多样性,有的类型分布比较固定；庭园各植被层盖度和3m的乔木棵数均随着庭园面积增加而递增,城乡区位也会影响居民庭园不同植被层盖度及所占总面积比例,3m各植被层面积,偏远乡村较大,3m植被冠层盖度在中间梯度的远郊庭园面积最大。 7、应用多元回归方法定量化研究预测了庭园内外部环境、庭园管理及农户社会经济特征对庭园植物组成、植物多样性及庭园功能类型的影响,结果显示：(1)庭园面积和家庭收入、庭园结构和庭园管理投入时间等因素是影响的重要因素；同时,农业占家庭经济的比重增加,户主年龄较年长、受教育水平较低、家中老人较多,食用物种丰富度也较高；户主年龄较年长、受教育水平较低、家中老人较多,乡土物种较多；庭园历史较长、庭园管理者有男性参与提高了庭园中遮阴、木材等其他功用植物丰富度；户主为女性促进了庭园总物种丰富度、观赏和草本种丰富度的增加。(2)花园型分布与户主为女性显著相关；距离城郊越远、户主从事农业为主,农业收入农业比重大,庭园结构复杂、庭园管理投入时间多、庭园种植历史较长、主要管理者有男性参与,对菜园分布有积极影响；林园型分布主要与庭院面积和家庭收入有关,庭院面积较大、家庭收入较高,林园分布的比例就较高；距离城市较近、户主从事非农职业,庭园结构简单、较少对庭园进行管理促使过度铺装庭园的分布概率增加；庭园结构复杂、管理时间较多、庭园历史较长、管理者有男性参与对多功能复合型的分布有积极影响。 8对农业景观不同类型生境进行良好的管护需要在适当的地方采用合理的措施,实施正确的方法进行生态植被营建和管护,参考国内相关研究和实践案例,对农业景观中非农生境和庭园生态植被提出管护建议和建设注意事项,使人们对农村多种生境更加熟悉,并应用于设计和实践。
[Abstract]:Garden and farmland border are the hot spots of biodiversity conservation in rural settlement landscape and agricultural production landscape respectively in agricultural/rural ecosystem. Reasonable management and protection of these habitat vegetation can effectively improve local biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. Species diversity, functional composition, site, landscape and management of non-agricultural habitats such as farmland boundaries, field islands, and garden vegetation of rural residents in the industrial landscape were studied. Meanwhile, approaches and suggestions for ecological vegetation construction and management were put forward, which could provide references for strengthening the management of rural/agricultural ecosystems and optimizing ecological services.
1. Taking the intensive agricultural landscape of North China Plain as the research area, the plant composition of 14 typical habitats was investigated by stratified random method. The results showed that: (1) At the sample plot level, the species richness of the vegetation zone in the riverside pit was the highest, followed by ditches, orchards, cotton fields, grain fields and herbaceous native materials in the four agricultural habitats such as vegetable fields. The proportion of species was less than 70%. The vegetable plot was only 30.5%. (2) At the habitat level, field cemetery (9-800m2) had the highest species richness (102 species), herbaceous species (85 species) and endemic species (6 species), woody species (13 species) were the most in the woodland, and other habitats had endemic species. (3) In all habitats, 161 species belonging to 41 families, 11 species were investigated. There are 117 wild species, 131 herbs, 58% native species, 74% weeds and 22.1% malignant weeds in 9 genera, of which 3 are endangered plants and 15 are invasive alien species. Degree clustering and ordination analysis showed that field cemetery vegetation was different from barren grassland, and had obvious near-natural characteristics. There were great differences between semi-natural habitats such as grain, cotton, fruit and vegetable production habitats, corridors and field islands. (4) Landscape scale study showed that from monoculture agricultural landscape, compound planting agricultural landscape to non-agricultural habitat mosaic heterogeneous landscape. There were significant differences in plant richness and composition among the five landscape types with different degrees. When the agricultural habitats were saturated, the growth of alien species and malignant weeds slowed down, while with the diversification of non-agricultural habitats, perennial weeds and woody plants gradually increased, especially the native species increased most significantly.
2. The composition of plant communities in 5 kinds of linear non-agricultural habitats including canals, production roads, field roads, grassland ridges and tree ridges in 506 typical agricultural landscapes were systematically investigated. Although many species are widely distributed, there are great differences in vegetation species richness, species functional composition, vegetation stratification and coverage between different types of farmland boundary. (3) Sample scale has the highest alpha diversity in canals, the lowest in ridges, beta diversity and coverage. (4) There were significant differences in community composition among different farmland boundary types, among which the similarity between production road and grass ridge was the largest, and the similarity between production road and tree ridge was the lowest.
3. A series of explanatory variables, such as vegetation composition and site and landscape scale, have been studied. The results show that: (1) plant diversity and composition at the farmland boundary are significantly affected by many factors at different site and landscape scales; (2) landscape characteristics and management factors, in addition to adjacent land use, vegetation structure, environmental impact factors of sample plots. (3) The species composition of functional groups in different farmland boundaries is different. The natural species, woody species and perennial herbaceous diversity are higher in river canals and field ridges, but the agricultural tolerant species are lower. The farmland boundaries with arbor and shrub layers have fewer agricultural tolerant species and annual herbaceous plants, and wider field roads. The richness was high, but the narrow production road and the grass ridge had more tolerant species and herbs in 12 years. (4) PCCA method was used to analyze the effects of five different variable groups. The results showed that besides land use factors, vegetation structure and site environment, the plant diversity and composition of farmland border were mainly affected by landscape factors. The impact is greater than management factors.
4. Based on the five vegetation structure types of arbor, shrub and grass combinations, the plant diversity and its historical and area factors of "field islands" were studied. The results showed that: (1) A total of 494 field islands were investigated in 10 1 *1 km 2 landscape grids. The area is 68.3 m2, with a total area of 3.38 ha, accounting for 0.36% of the total area of the study area, while the richness accounts for 64% of the total landscape species. It is an important hotspot area and species pool to maintain the biodiversity of agricultural landscape in this area. (2) The native species of field Island vegetation are dominant, and each vegetation structure type has its own species. Protecting endangered plants; (3) The diversity of alpha, beta and gamma in different types of vegetation was significantly different, and the species richness decreased from 1 to 5, with beta diversity higher and gamma diversity lower in type 4 and 5; (4) Linear regression analysis showed that island history and area had significant effects on species richness in the sample plots. The study emphasized the importance of "field island" as a non-agricultural habitat for maintaining and restoring the biodiversity of intensive agricultural landscape. (5) The results of site and landscape factors affecting the habitat of field Island consisting of autogenous vegetation showed that, in the record Of the 28 environmental variables recorded, 15 significant variables participated in the establishment of the model. PCCA results showed that the effects of vegetation community structure factors and landscape factors were greater than those of site environment.
5. The study on the garden vegetation of rural residents along the urbanization gradient in Beijing shows that the species diversity and abundance patterns of the garden along the gradient reflect the different levels of demand in different areas. Rarefaction curves showed that ornamental species were an important factor leading to the diversity of garden P in different regions: the ranking also showed significant differences in species composition along the urban gradient, with the largest differences between suburban and remote rural areas, while suburban areas had a higher degree of similarity with both. In addition, species and garden area were positively correlated only in remote rural areas. High coverage and species density of edible plants indicate that rural gardeners have higher demand for edible functions than urban ones.
6. Quantitative study on the vertical distribution of garden vegetation and the composition of horizontal micro-environment of rural residents in Beijing was carried out. The influence of garden area, different villages and urban-rural gradients on the garden structure was analyzed. The average area was 189.2 Ma (37-746 m) 9; 17 land use types were investigated in all gardens, and the land use diversity of single gardens ranged from 3 to 14 with an average of 8.9; different urban and rural locations would affect the land use diversity at the gardens level, less suburban gardens, but also affect the area differences, and the larger household-level area supported more. Horizontal land use diversity, some types of distribution is relatively fixed; the coverage of each vegetation layer and tree number of 3M increase with the increase of garden area, urban and rural location will also affect the coverage of different vegetation layer and the proportion of the total area of residential gardens, 3M vegetation layer area, remote villages larger, 3M vegetation canopy coverage in the middle gradient The outer suburbs have the largest garden area.
7. Multivariate regression analysis was used to quantitatively predict the effects of garden environment, garden management and farmers'socio-economic characteristics on garden plant composition, plant diversity and garden function types. The results showed that: (1) garden area and family income, garden structure and garden management input time were the important factors affecting the landscape plant composition, plant diversity and garden function types. At the same time, the proportion of agriculture in the household economy has increased, the head of the household is older, the education level is lower, there are more elderly people in the household, and the richness of food species is higher; the head of the household is older, the education level is lower, there are more elderly people in the household, and there are more native species; the history of the garden is longer, and the managers of the garden have male participation to improve the shelter in the garden. The richness of other functional plants, such as shade, timber and so on, was promoted by female heads of households, and the richness of garden species, ornamental and herbal species was increased. (2) The distribution of garden type was significantly related to female heads of households; the farther away from the suburbs, the household heads were mainly engaged in agriculture, the greater the proportion of agricultural income to agriculture, the complex garden structure, and the more time spent on garden management. Garden planting has a long history and the main managers have male participation, which has a positive impact on the distribution of vegetable gardens; the distribution of forest gardens is mainly related to courtyard area and family income; the larger the courtyard area, the higher the family income, the higher the proportion of forest gardens distribution; the closer to the city, the head of household engages in non-agricultural occupation, the simpler the garden structure, the less the garden into the garden. Line management increases the probability of over-paved gardens; complex structure, long management time, long history of gardens, and male involvement of managers have a positive impact on the distribution of multi-functional complex.
8. Good management and protection of different types of habitats in agricultural landscape need to adopt reasonable measures in appropriate places, implement correct methods for ecological vegetation construction and management. Referring to relevant domestic research and practice cases, this paper puts forward management and protection suggestions and construction considerations for non-agricultural habitats and garden ecological vegetation in agricultural landscape, so as to make people pay attention to it. Rural habitats are more familiar and applied to design and practice.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU986.58;S688

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