三清山道教建筑遗产研究

发布时间：2019-02-27 17:59

【摘要】：道教是中国唯一土生土长的宗教,道教文化是中华文明重要的组成部分,道教思想是中华民族智慧的结晶。道教对中国传统文化产生了深远的影响：在神学、哲学方面填补了中国本土宗教的空白；在伦理学方面,融合拓展儒家以忠孝为主轴的三纲五常思想；在科学方面,炼丹术的研究推动了中国古代科学的发展,推动了火药的发明；在医学方面,道教也产生了除内丹以外如服食、辟毅之类的养生之法；在文学方面,反映道教的内容始终串联在各朝各代的诗词名篇之中；在音乐学方面,道教的斋醮音乐可谓独成一派；在美术学方面,道教的壁画、造像也有极高的艺术价值；在建筑学方面,道教建筑从发生发展到独树一帜,成为了中国古代建筑艺术的典型代表之一,道教名山青城山、武当山也依靠独特的道教建筑群列入世界文化遗产名录。三清山是中国的道教名山,道教文化以三清山为载体经历了长时间的发展。三清山的道教遗存是三清山道教文化的精神载体,是中国道教建筑的露天博物馆。三清山在2008年因独特的花岗岩地貌入选了世界自然遗产名录,俊秀的风景令人心旷神怡,同时背后独特的文化内涵也不能丢失。三清山的建筑本身就是其文化遗产的实体,这些经历了自然界的风雨蚕食,甚至是人为的破坏和社会的变迁而残留的遗产,正是我们研究历史和文化的重要物证。在当今我国的发展条件下,社会文化意识逐渐凸显,对中国古典建筑的文化发掘也越来越重视。所以在这一点上研究国家保护的道教建筑具有重要的现实意义,这样可以加深人们对中国传统道教建筑的认识,从而对道教建筑的保存、保护起到一定的推动作用。也希望通过道教建筑的研究,反应出道教自身的深刻内涵,使人们可以更加直观的理解道教的文化与思想,起到弘扬中国传统文化的作用。更近一步而论,希望可以通过道教的教义教理,指导人们对于人与人、人与自然的相处方式,更好的达到社会和谐。随着三清山入选世界自然遗产名录,对三清山的文化遗产的探索也逐渐得到重视,但现在的研究保护成果并不多见,文化遗产保护工作任重道远。三清山突出价值不单体现在自然风貌的俊美秀丽,独特的文化价值也是重要的组成部分。道教建筑作为三清山道教文化的具象载体,历经几代的建造修葺,融合了独特的地方特色和传统的道教建筑理念,使三清山的道教建筑遗产在多方面形成了自己独有的特点。它选址僻静悠然之地,寻求亲近天际,沾染仙风。建筑风格糅合儒、释、道三教的建筑风格,在展现道教建筑的形制时,因时代和地域的影响,把南北两派的建筑形式融合一体。最核心的价值体现在于整体建筑的精心布局,其布局的方式既符合传统建筑风格,做了线性的、轴对称的处理,又根据“道法自然、天人合一”的道教理念,顺应地形需要,或低洼而造桥,或临崖而建塔,或凭险而砌台,或傍山而构殿,巧妙自然的把环境和建筑融为一体。更为突出的文化内涵体现在整体建筑群的八卦型构图。外围有先天八卦布局的环境处理,使福地中心以试炼金丹的鼎炉架构存在。内部则用后天八卦的顺应自然与人类活动的结合,以意象指点具象,从而升华道教主题。更具文化内涵的是,通过依照玄空风水学的研究,使三清山上的道教建筑单体的朝向符合理论实际,继而揭示了三清山道教建筑的设计和建造的匠心独运。三清山的道教遗产建筑群是独特的石构建筑群,除三清宫为木石混筑之外,其他所有的建筑都是通体石构,完全由三清山本山的花岗岩雕凿组合而成。这在整个中国的道教建筑体系中是极为罕见的。值得惊叹的是,这些石构的建筑不管大小,中间没有任何粘接物,都纯以暗槽、榫卯拼接,或用斗拱承托、组合,体现了当时工匠的精湛技艺。通过与其他地区地形的不同道教建筑遗产进行对比,可见道教建筑整体有相似的形制可循,但又因道教派别众多,道教建筑所属派别的地位不同,加上地形地域的差异,道教建筑很难达到真正的形制统一。
[Abstract]:Taoism is the only one-born religion in China, and the Taoist culture is an important part of Chinese civilization, and the thought of Taoism is the crystallization of the Chinese wisdom. Taoism has a far-reaching influence on Chinese traditional culture: in theological and philosophical aspects, it fills the blank of the local religion of China; in the field of ethics, the three-dimensional and five-dimensional thoughts of the Confucian as the main axis are integrated and expanded; in the aspect of science, The study of alchemy has promoted the development of Chinese ancient science and promoted the invention of gunpowder. In the medical field, Taoism has also produced a method of preserving health, such as taking food and developing Yi, in addition to the internal dan; in the aspect of literature, the content of Taoism is always in series among the poems and famous poems of each generation; In the aspect of musicology, the music of the holy city of the Taoism is the only one; in the art of art, the mural of the Taoism and the image are also of great artistic value; in architecture, the Taoist architecture has developed from the development to the unique, and became one of the typical representatives of the ancient Chinese architectural art. The Taoist Mingshan Qingcheng Mountain and Wudang Mountain also rely on the unique Taoist complex to be listed in the list of the world cultural heritage. Sanqing Mountain is the famous mountain of Taoism in China. The Taoist culture has been developing for a long time on the basis of Sanqing Mountain. The Taoist legacy of Sanqing Mountain is the spiritual carrier of the Taoist culture of Sanqing Mountain, which is the open-air museum of the Chinese Taoist architecture. In 2008, Sanqing Mountain was selected as the world's natural heritage list because of the unique granite landforms, and the scenery of Junxiu was pleasant and the unique cultural connotation in the back could not be lost. The construction of Sanqing Mountain is an entity of its cultural heritage. These are the inheritance of the nature's wind and rain, even man-made destruction and the change of society. It is the important material evidence of our study of history and culture. Under the condition of the development of our country, the consciousness of the social culture is becoming more and more important, and the culture of the Chinese classical architecture is also paid more and more attention. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the Taoist architecture of the state protection at this point, which can deepen the understanding of the traditional Taoist architecture in China, so as to promote the preservation and protection of the Taoist architecture. It is also hoped that through the study of the Taoist architecture, the profound connotation of the Taoism itself can be reflected, so that people can understand the culture and the thought of the Taoism more intuitively, and play a role in promoting the traditional culture of China. More recently, it is hoped that the teachings of the Taoism will be adopted to guide the people to get along with the human and the human and nature, and to achieve social harmony. With the inclusion of Sanqing Mountain into the World's natural heritage list, the exploration of the cultural heritage of Sanqing Mountain has been paid more and more attention, but the research and protection achievements are rare, and the protection of cultural heritage is still a long way to go. The outstanding value of Sanqing Mountain is not the natural beauty of the natural scenery, and the unique cultural value is also an important part. As the carrier of the Taoist culture of Sanqing Mountain, the Taoist architecture, through the construction and construction of several generations, has fused the unique local characteristics and the traditional Taoist architectural concept, and made the Taoist architectural heritage of Sanqing Mountain in many ways formed its own unique characteristics. It is located in a quiet and quiet place, seeking to be close to the sky and to be contaminated with the wind. The architectural style is the architectural style of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and in the form of the Taoist architecture, the architectural form of the north and south is integrated as a whole due to the influence of the times and the region. The core value lies in the careful layout of the whole building, the way of its layout is not only the traditional architectural style, but also the linear and axisymmetric treatment, but also according to the Taoist idea of the "the combination of natural and human nature", to the terrain needs, or the low-lying to build a bridge, or to build a tower, or to build a tower, or to build a tower, Or the side of the mountain and the temple, and the ingenious nature of integrating the environment and the building. The more prominent cultural connotation is reflected in the Eight-Eight Diagrams of the whole complex. The periphery has the environmental treatment of the natural gossip layout, so that the center of the foreland is in the form of a test-refined gold-tin furnace. The interior is the combination of the natural and human activities of the day after the day, with the image pointing to the image, so that the theme of the Taoism is sublimed. The more cultural connotation is that the orientation of the Taoist architectural monomer on the Sanqing Mountain is in accordance with the theory, and then the design and construction of the Taoist architecture of Sanqing Mountain is revealed. The Taoist legacy complex of Sanqing Mountain is a unique stone structure, except that the Sanqing Palace is made of stone and stone, and all the other buildings are all stone structures, which are completely formed by the granite carving of the Sanqing Mountain. This is very rare in the entire Chinese Taoist architecture system. It is amazing that the buildings of the stone structure, no matter the size, have no adhesive in the middle, are pure in the dark groove, the base, or the bucket arch to support and combine, which reflects the exquisite skill of the craftsman at that time. Through the comparison between the different Taoist architectural heritage in other areas, it can be seen that the Taoist architecture is similar in shape, but because of the many Taoist schools and the different positions of the Taoist architecture, and the difference of the terrain region, the Taoist architecture is very difficult to achieve the true shape and unity.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU252

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