高层建筑火灾风险评价及智能报警系统研究

发布时间：2018-03-10 17:25

本文选题：高层民用建筑　切入点：火灾风险评估树　出处：《北京理工大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：高层建筑是城市化发展的必然产物,然而高层建筑的消防问题,一直是一道世界性的难题。传统高层建筑火灾研究未能将高层建筑火灾发生前的风险评价与一旦发生火灾后的及时控制技术进行有效结合,不符合风险源过程控制的思想。本研究旨在设计开发一种科学的高层建筑火灾风险综合评价系统和新型无线烟—温复合式火灾自动报警系统,以期实现高层建筑火灾的过程防控。针对高层民用建筑火灾发生的不确定性以及传统评价方法的局限性,本研究引入了未确知理论,进行高层建筑火灾风险的未确知评价方法建模,并在此基础上,设计开发高层建筑火灾风险未确知综合评价系统,解决了系统实现的三个主要难题。首先,根据高层民用建筑的特点,通过高层民用建筑火灾的三类风险源辨识,结合我国《建筑设计防火规范》和《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》,运用典型事件分析法,获取了影响高层建筑火灾发生的37个主要不确定性风险因素,提出了“高层建筑火灾风险评估树”理论,解决了评价对象特征空间的科学建立问题。进而基于Matlab和VB技术,开发了基于“高层建筑火灾风险评估树”和未确知聚类的高层建筑火灾风险综合评价系统软件,解决了系统实现的技术手段和可操作性问题。同时,引入BIM技术结合专家评分方法,解决了评价对象数据信息的有效获取问题。最后,以8栋实际高层民用建筑火灾调查数据为例,进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,通过未确知评价隶属度,可以将高层建筑火灾发生的不确定性问题转化为相对确定性的问题。例如,某高层建筑火灾风险评价结果的未确知隶属度为(0.3406,0.3406,0.1598,0.1590),虽然我们不知道那种情况会发生,但至少我们可以知道每一种情况发生的可能性。从而明确了火灾防控的重点对象,减少了防控的盲目性,实现了高层建筑火灾发生前灾害的预防性。在高层建筑火灾风险综合评价的基础上,对于火灾防控的重点对象,为了最大限度降低其一旦发生火灾后的危害和损失,及时进行火情的控制。针对火灾自动报警技术在高层民用建筑火灾控制中的重要性,本研究进一步设计开发一种基于最新无线通信技术的新型烟—温复合式高层建筑火灾自动报警系统,完成报警系统的硬件设计。在系统软件设计中,引入前向纠错编码技术,解决系统信号传输的可靠性问题。同时针对传统火灾报警算法在火灾信息处理中误报率较高的问题,进行火灾智能报警算法研究,建立基于SVR的火灾报警算法模型,并进行实证分析。在此基础上,搭建火灾实验平台,进行系统测试和实验分析。研究结果表明,本研究所设计开发的新型火灾自动报警系统,在所进行的实验中,系统火灾报警的时间比采用传统报警算法的系统大约可提前5s左右,误报率可以降低到2%以下。研究实现了高层建筑一旦发生火灾后火情监测的实时性和火灾报警的准确性,从而在一定程度上实现了高层建筑火灾发生后灾害的及时控制性。本研究开发的高层建筑火灾风险未确知综合评价系统和基于SVR报警算法的新型无线复合式高层建筑火灾自动报警系统,实现了高层建筑火灾的过程防控,而非某一时点上(发生前或发生后)的控制。研究成果为高层民用建筑火灾灾害的预防和控制,提供了重要的科学依据和技术途径,也为高层建筑火灾风险管理提供了一种可靠的决策支持系统。
[Abstract]:The high-rise building is the inevitable product of the development of the city, but the high-rise building fire safety problems, has been a worldwide problem. The traditional high-rise building fire risk evaluation to high-rise building fire occurred before and after the fire timely control technology for effective integration, risk source does not conform to the idea of process control. The automatic alarm system of this research is to develop a comprehensive high-rise building fire risk evaluation system of a scientific design and a new wireless smoke temperature composite fire, in order to realize the process of prevention and control of high-rise building fire. Fire in high-rise buildings the uncertainties and limitations of traditional evaluation methods, this paper introduces the unascertained theory, for high-rise building fire risk evaluation method of unascertained model, and on this basis, the design and development of high-rise building fire risk unascertained comprehensive evaluation system The system solves three major problems of system implementation. Firstly, according to the characteristics of high-rise buildings, the three kinds of risk identification fires of high-rise buildings, combined with China's architectural design code > < < fire protection and fire protection design of tall buildings ", using the typical event analysis method, obtained the effect of fire in high-rise the building of the 37 main risk factors of uncertainty, put forward the" high-rise building fire risk assessment tree "theory, to solve the problem of establishing scientific evaluation object feature space. Then Matlab and VB based technology, developed based on the" high building fire risk assessment tree and unascertained clustering of high-rise building fire risk comprehensive the evaluation system software, realize the technology system and operational problems. At the same time, the introduction of BIM technology combined with expert scoring method to solve the evaluation object data information effectively gets asked Questions. Finally, in 8, the actual high-rise building fire survey data as an example, the empirical research. The results of the study show that, through the unascertained evaluation membership, can be high-rise building fire uncertainty problem into the relative uncertainty problem. For example, a high-rise building fire risk evaluation results of unascertained membership degree (0.3406,0.3406,0.1598,0.1590), although we don't know what will happen, but at least we can know the possibility of every situation. In order to make clear the focus of fire prevention and control, reduce the blindness prevention and control, prevention of the occurrence of the disaster of high-rise building fire. Based on high-rise building fire risk assessment, for the focus of fire prevention and control, in order to minimize its once the fire damage and loss, timely control of fire in the fire. Fire automatic alarm fire control technology in the importance of high-rise buildings, the development of a new smoke alarm system - the latest wireless communication technology of the composite temperature of high-rise building fire based on the research design, the hardware design of alarm system. In the software design, the introduction of FEC encoding technology, solve the problem of reliability the signal transmitting system. At the same time for the traditional fire alarm and high rate of false positives in the fire information processing algorithm, the algorithm of intelligent fire alarm, fire alarm to establish the SVR model based on the algorithm, and carries out empirical analysis. On this basis, to build a fire experiment platform, system testing and experimental analysis results. The research design of the new development of the fire automatic alarm system, in the experiments, the system of fire alarm time than the traditional alarm count The law system about about 5S in advance, the false alarm rate can be reduced to below 2%. The accuracy of the high-rise building once the fire fire fire monitoring and real-time alarm, so as to achieve the timely control of the high-rise building fire disaster occurred in a certain extent. The research and development of high-rise building fire risk is not unascertained comprehensive evaluation system and SVR alarm algorithm new wireless composite based on high-rise building fire automatic alarm system, realize the prevention and control of high-rise building fire, rather than a certain time (before or after) control. Research results for the prevention and control of fire in high-rise buildings, provide a scientific basis for and an important approach, but also provides a reliable decision support system for high-rise building fire risk management.

【学位授予单位】：北京理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU976.5

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