基于风险管理的中国商业银行盈利模式研究

发布时间：2018-04-01 17:34

本文选题：商业银行　切入点：风险盈利　出处：《西北大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：2011年,中国银行业交出了一份靓丽的答卷,与实体经济的困境形成了鲜明对比,从而引发了有关银行暴利的大讨论。时隔半年,经济周期下行,存贷利差收窄,金融脱媒加剧,不良贷款上升,诸多因素使人们关注的焦点很快从暴利转向对资产质量的担忧。同样的故事已经在次贷危机和欧债危机中得到充分演绎。这使人们对商业银行的盈利模式进行反思,为什么在获得超额利润之后很快就陷入危机?为什么专营风险的商业银行却因风险失控濒临破产?从基于会计利润的盈利模式和侧重于供给分析的“金融机构观”出发很难找出满意答案。本文按照“提出问题——理论研究——实证研究——对策研究”的研究思路,对商业银行风险盈利模式进行了深入研究。首先,根据“金融功能观”理论和价值链理论,从客户风险服务需求出发,构建了三位一体的风险盈利模型,解析了其风险价值创造的过程,提出了最优风险盈利价值网构建的理论模型。其次,对国外特别是美国商业银行的盈利模式进行了比较,指出了国外现有“发起—转移”风险盈利模式的不足。同时,运用多元线性回归分析、因子分析、聚类分析方法对我国商业银行盈利影响因素进行了实证分析,运用价值链方法和专项调查数据对我国商业银行主要价值创造环节进行了分析,归纳出了我国商业银行现有盈利模式的基本特征。最后,从客户需求、经济增长、监管要求、技术进步等多个层面分析了我国商业银行现有盈利模式和主要价值创造环节面临的挑战,根据风险盈利模式的内在要求,提出了我国商业银行风险盈利模式战略转型的对策建议。根据风险价值创造过程的内在要求,提出了风险价值链转型和风险价值网构建的转型路径。结合金融功能观理论和价值链理论,从客户需求出发,依据风险绩效标准,本文对商业银行的盈利模式得出以下研究结论： 1、商业银行的盈利模式本质上是基于风险管理的盈利模式。本文根据“金融功能观”理论,梳理了金融体系分工与专业化演化进程,比较了商业银行核心功能与各阶段风险经营的特征,指出商业银行表面上是资金融通中心,实质是风险经营的中介。此时,风险管理能力不再从属于业务拓展,不再是被动控制、转移、规避风险损失的工具,而是指导战略决策、决定发展目标,主动识别和承担风险,创造风险价值的核心竞争力。商业银行的风险价值创造源于客户的风险服务需求,在战略层面上通过风险经营战略、风险价值创造、风险绩效评估三个环节来实现,在操作层面上,经过风险识别、风险受让、价值创造和绩效评估四个核心环节来完成。在功能层面上,通过对风险通道、风险融资、风险融信、风险融智、风险投资五个核心功能模块的优化组合来实现。商业银行最优风险盈利价值网的构建,应以客户需求为中心,突破企业内部部门和企业边界的束缚,以风险功能模块为基本单元,在整个风险服务产业链的层面进行协同整合。 2、商业银行现有盈利模式的缺陷在于风险管理从属于业务扩张,过度放大经营杠杆,系统性风险不断累积乃至爆发。国外商业银行借助金融创新,从“发起——持有”向“发起——转移”模式转型,不断放大其经营杠杆,其失败的根本原因在于让客户承担了超过其风险承受能力的风险,对社会信用和流动性过度透支。国内银行一味追求货币超发下的规模扩张,忽视了经济下行的系统风险。盈利模式唯规模论,经营顺周期,利润主要源于批发业务利差收入,风险管理最终依赖政府隐性担保。在价值链构建上,忽视客户需求,价值链同质,链条冗长重复,资源配置分散、管理效率低下。 3、我国商业银行盈利模式和价值链必须向风险盈利模式转型。从战略层面看,应根据客户风险偏好提升和风险承担需求增加的趋势,从单一的“资金融通中介”向全功能的“风险服务中介”转型,包括功能转型、方式转型和绩效评估转型等内容。具体措施包括制定风险经营战略和业务目标体系、风险管理能力升级、风险业务结构升级、构建预警指标体系等。商业银行应根据自身的风险禀赋选择转型路径。从风险盈利价值创造过程看,应按照战略组合风险管理、风险业务结构优化、客户多元化、前瞻性管理研究的转型思路,对风险价值识别、风险受让、风险价值创造、风险绩效评估等进行改造,按照协同整合的原则对各辅助环节转型进行改进。商业银行价值网的构建必须打破企业组织边界的束缚。大银行应建设一体化、全功能的金融控股集团,并注意防范多元化、集团化经营的风险。中小银行应聚焦于最具风险管理优势的价值创造环节,通过战略联盟提供全功能服务,重点防范战略联盟的机会主义风险。
[Abstract]:In 2011, Chinese banking industry to produce a beautiful answer, and the real economy dilemma in stark contrast, which triggered a big discussion about bank profits. After half a year, the downward economic cycle, loan spreads narrowed, financial disintermediation intensified, rising non-performing loans, many factors make the focus quickly from the profits turn on asset quality concerns. The same story has been fully developed in the subprime mortgage crisis and the debt crisis in Europe. This makes people reflect on the commercial bank's profit model, why after obtaining excess profit quickly in crisis? Why in the risk of commercial banks because of the risk of loss of control on the verge of bankruptcy from accounting profits? The profit model based on the analysis and focus on the supply of "financial institutions view" it is difficult to find a satisfactory answer.
According to the research methods of "question - Theoretical Study - Empirical Research on Countermeasure Research", the risk of commercial bank profit model is studied. First, according to the theory of value chain and the theory of financial function theory, starting from the needs of customer risk services, establish risk profit model three-in-one, the risk value creation process the analysis, put forward the theory model of optimal risk profit value network construction. Secondly, especially compared to foreign commercial banks in the United States profit model, and pointed out the deficiencies of existing foreign "up - transfer" risk profit model. At the same time, using multiple linear regression analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis was carried out an empirical analysis on the influencing factors of China's commercial bank profitability, uses the method of value chain and create special survey data of China's commercial banks mainly value Section are analyzed, summarized the basic characteristics of China's commercial banks existing profit model. Finally, from the customer demand, economic growth, regulatory requirements, multiple levels of technological progress of China's commercial banks existing profit model and main challenges facing the value creation process, according to the requirement of risk profit model, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to the strategic transformation of commercial bank risk profit model in China. According to the requirement of risk value creation process, raised the risk of the transformation of the value chain and risk value network construction transition path.
Based on the theory of financial function and the theory of value chain, from the perspective of customer demand and according to the standard of risk performance, this paper draws the following conclusions for the profit model of commercial banks.
1, the essence of profit model of commercial bank risk management is based on the profit model. According to the "financial function theory, combing the evolution of division of labor and professional financial system, compare the characteristics of each stage and the core function of commercial bank risk management, points out that commercial bank is on the surface of the center of financing, is the essence of the intermediary risk management. At this time, the risk management ability no longer belongs to the business development, is no longer a passive control, transfer, to avoid the risk of loss of the tool, but to guide strategic decision, decided the development goals, proactively identify and take risks, the core competitiveness and create value at risk. The risk of the commercial banks to create value from the risk of the customer service demand. Through the risk management strategy at the strategic level, the risk of value creation, three aspects of performance risk assessment to achieve, at the operational level, through risk identification, risk So, the four core aspects of the value creation and performance evaluation to complete. In the functional level, the risk of financing risk, financial risk channel, risk, risk investment agents, five key modules of optimization. In order to achieve the construction of commercial bank risk optimal value net profit, should take the customer demand as the center, breaking through the shackles of internal departments and enterprises' boundary, risk function module as the basic unit of integration in the whole industry chain service risk level.
2, the defect existing commercial banks profit model is the risk management belongs to the business expansion, excessive amplification of operating leverage, systemic risk accumulation and outbreak. Foreign commercial banks with financial innovation, from the "initiated hold" to "launch - transfer" mode, continue to enlarge its operating leverage, the fundamental reason for its failure is to allow customers to bear the risk of exceeding their risk tolerance, social credit and liquidity overdraft. Domestic banks pursue super currency under the expansion of the scale, while ignoring the risk of economic downturn. Only the size of the profit model theory, business cycle, profit mainly comes from the wholesale business interest income, risk management relies on the implicit government guarantee. In the value chain construction, ignoring the customer demand, value chain chain homogeneous, tedious and repetitive, decentralized resource allocation, low efficiency of management.
3, China's commercial banks profit model and value chain to transition to risk profit model. From a strategic perspective, should according to the needs of increasing customer risk preference and risk, from the single "financing intermediary" to the whole function of the "risk service intermediary" transformation, including functional transformation, transformation and performance the transformation of evaluation content. Specific measures include the establishment of risk management strategy and business target system, upgrade the ability of risk management and risk business structure upgrading, construction of early warning index system. Commercial banks should be based on their risk endowment transformation path. From venture profit value creation process, should be in accordance with the strategy of portfolio risk management, the risk of business structure optimization, customer diversification, transformation of ideas management on forward-looking, value of risk identification, risk transfer, risk value, risk evaluation of performance change According to the principle of integration, the transformation of auxiliary link was improved. Constructing value network of commercial banks must break the shackles of organizational boundaries. The big banks should build integration, fully functional financial holding group, and pay attention to the prevention of risk diversification, group management. Small and medium-sized banks should focus on the most risk management advantage value creation process, provide a full service function through strategic alliances, focus on strategic alliance opportunism.

【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F832.33

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