战后德日银行体系对经济发展影响的比较研究

发布时间：2018-05-08 02:25

本文选题：银行体系 + 经济增长　；参考：《武汉大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：金融体系是一个现代经济体系中最重要的构成部分,其中银行体系建设又是其中最重要的构成成分。德国和日本是一对有参考价值的研究参照体,德国位于西方,其社会基本价值观为西方的基本价值观,日本位于东方,深受东方文化的浸染；德国和日本都是19世纪70年代后起的资本主义国家,都未进行过较彻底的资产阶级革命,都是通过改良主义进入资本主义强国之列；两国都以银行与工商业资本的紧密结合为其特征,强调银行在其经济发展历史中的重要作用。这两个分处欧亚大陆的国家又具有较强的封建性和军国主义作风,在同时挑起了血腥的第二次世界大战之后,又都同样不可避免地以战败和经济的崩溃而告终。德国和日本均是二战战败国,其战后经济也均建立在美国经济援助和自身重建的基础上,在战后十分缺乏建设资金的关键性历史时期,两国的银行体系也都发挥了重要作用,两国也都经历了战后的长期繁荣,并于20世纪70年代前后双双问鼎世界第二和第三大经济体。德国与日本商业银行体系在促进经济增长方面,德国的主办银行制度是“保姆”型的,为企业提供全方位的金融服务,其融资功能是通过市场竞争实现的,储蓄投资转化率较高；日本的主办银行制度是“监护人“型的,为企业提供无条件救助服务,其融资功能是通过政府引导实现的,相比较而言,其储蓄投资转化率较低,但是其资本边际生产率较高,反映了在资金运用能力方面政府能有效的引导产业结构升级,最终达到经济的高速增长。德国与日本中央银行体系在维持经济稳定方面,德国的金融监管是面向全能型商业银行体系以及银行内部提供的多样化全方位的金融服务而设计的。在面对国内外形势发生变化时,更具有应变能力,对金融自由化具有非常丰富的参考价值。日本的金融监管是面对分业型商业银行体系以及各银行提供的专业化金融服务而设计的,在战后的很长一段时间符合日本自身国情,促进了银行体系的成熟,但缺乏对于金融自由化的应变机制。从中央银行独立性来说,德国中央银行的独立性较高,能独立的运用货币政策工具保持物价稳定,而日本中央银行独立性较差,其目标主要在于经济增长方面。德国与日本的银行体系都能促进经济的增长,但在维持经济稳定方面与应对国内外环境变化方面作用不同,因此德国经济能始终保持稳定增长,而日本则进入了长期的经济低迷。这种银行体系的差异是有制度因素的。首先,德国崇尚市场竞争型的经济体制,企业是经济运行和经济政策的主要执行者和承担者,国家不直接干预资源分配方式,由此带来的是综合性商业银行与独立性较强的中央银行体制。其次,日本在战后崇尚经济快速增长以达到赶超发达资本主义的目标,其经济是政府主导型的,银行体系是经济运行和经济政策的主要执行者和承担者,国家直接干预资源分配方式,由此带来的是分业型商业银行和独立性较差的中央银行。最后,在应对国内外环境的变化上,随着资本市场直接融资的范围扩大,金融自由化的兴起,日本政府干预下的经济体制越来越不适应环境的变化,从而导致银行体系出现了较大的问题,不能有效的承担个人与企业之间要素的最优配置方案,从而造成了经济的长期低迷。两国银行体系的不同,造成了其对经济增长与经济稳定影响的差异,这些差异对中国经济发展中银行体系的建设有非常深刻的借鉴意义。本文从战后德日的经济背景与目前中国经济环境的比较出发,通过分析德日银行体系差异对经济增长与经济稳定的作用,提出了对中国银行体系建设的启示。
[Abstract]:The financial system is the most important component of a modern economic system, in which the construction of the banking system is the most important component. Germany and Japan are a reference body of reference. Germany is located in the west, its basic values of society are the basic values of the west, Japan is located in the East, and is deeply oriental culture. Impregnation; both Germany and Japan were the capitalist countries from the 1870s, all did not carry out a more thorough bourgeois revolution, they all entered the capitalist power through reformism; both countries were characterized by the close combination of banks and industrial and commercial capital, emphasizing the important role of banks in the history of their economic development. The two countries in Europe and Asia have strong feudalism and militaristic style. After the bloody Second World War, they all inevitably ended with the defeat and the collapse of the economy. Both Germany and Japan were defeated by World War II, and the post-war economy was also established in the United States economic assistance and its own weight. On the basis of the construction, the two countries' banking system has also played an important role in a critical period of lack of capital construction after the war. Both countries have also experienced the long-term prosperity after the war, and they both took up the world's second and the third largest economies around 1970s.
Germany and the Japanese commercial bank system in the promotion of economic growth, the German banking system is the "nanny" type, to provide a full range of financial services for enterprises, its financing function is realized through market competition, the high conversion rate of savings and investment; the Japanese host banking system is "Guardian" type, for enterprises to provide nothing In comparison, the conversion rate of savings and investment is relatively low, but its capital marginal productivity is relatively high, which reflects that the government can effectively guide the upgrading of the industrial structure and finally achieve the rapid economic growth.
Germany and the Central Bank of Japan are designed for the maintenance of economic stability. The German financial supervision is designed for the omni-directional commercial banking system and the diversified and full range of financial services provided within the bank. In the face of the changes at home and abroad, the financial liberalization has a more flexible force and has a very rich reference to financial liberalization. The financial supervision of Japan is designed in the face of the separate commercial bank system and the specialized financial services provided by the banks. It has been in line with Japan's own national conditions for a long time after the war, and has promoted the maturity of the banking system, but it lacks the strain mechanism for financial liberalization. From the independence of the central bank, the German Central Government Banks have high independence and can use monetary policy tools independently to keep prices stable, while the Central Bank of Japan is poor in independence and its target is mainly economic growth.
Both the German and Japanese banking systems can promote economic growth, but in maintaining economic stability and coping with domestic and foreign environmental changes, the German economy can maintain steady growth, while Japan has entered a long-term economic downturn. The difference in the banking system is institutional. In the field of competitive economic system, enterprises are the main executors and bearers of economic operation and economic policy. The state does not directly interfere with the distribution of resources, which brings about the comprehensive commercial banks and the strong independent central bank system. Secondly, Japan advocates the rapid growth of the economy in order to catch up with the developed capitalism in the post-war period. The economy is dominated by the government. The banking system is the main executor and bearer of the economic and economic policies. The state directly interfered with the distribution of resources, which brought about the separate commercial banks and the poor independent central banks. Finally, in response to the changes in the domestic and foreign environment, the direct financing of the capital market is a model. With the expansion and the rise of financial liberalization, the economic system under the intervention of the Japanese government is becoming more and more difficult to adapt to the changes in the environment, which leads to a large problem in the banking system, which can not effectively undertake the optimal allocation of the elements between individuals and enterprises, thus resulting in a long-term economic downturn.
The difference in the banking system between the two countries has caused the difference between the economic growth and the economic stability. These differences have a profound reference to the construction of the banking system in China's economic development. This paper compares the economic background of post-war Germany and Japan with the current economic environment in China, and analyzes the economy of Germany and Japan by analyzing the differences in the economy. The role of growth and economic stability raises the inspiration for China's banking system construction.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F831.1;F113

【参考文献】