中世纪教会高利贷学说探究（12-15世纪）

发布时间：2018-05-26 17:29

本文选题：中世纪 + 教会　；参考：《复旦大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：在中世纪西欧,或者说在中世纪罗马天主教西欧,向人贷款并收取利息并不是一件理所当然的事情。在此时期教会的眼里,“放贷取息”就是“高利贷”(usura/usury)。和我们当今社会对待放贷取息的态度不同,中世纪教会很早就开始反对和谴责放贷取息也即高利贷。其反对和谴责自《圣经》始,于早期教父的相关教诲中得到初步阐发,在后继的各种形式的反高利贷立法中得到巩固和强化。从《圣经》的相关规定到早期教父的相关教诲再到后继的各种形式的反高利贷法令法规组成了教会的“高利贷禁令”。值得特别注意的是,大约从12世纪起,教会对待高利贷的方式开始发生一些重要的变化,即它不再以近乎绝对的判定式的口吻反对和谴责高利贷,而是逐渐采用说理的方法向人表明高利贷不合道德伦理和法律,即高利贷不具有合法性。承担这一说理任务的主体为中世纪西欧社会的智识精英——由教会法学家和神学家组成的经院学者(scholastics)。正是在他们的智识努力下,教会的高利贷禁令得到理性分析和阐发；也正是有了他们的理性分析和阐发,教会的高利贷禁令最终得以拓展演变为一种有逻辑、成体系的理论,即高利贷学说。为了说明中世纪教会对高利贷的认识如何从一种法令(规)发展成为一种理论,众经院学者如何展开对高利贷的理性的、渐成系统的分析,其分析对高利贷的境遇造成了何种影响,以及反过来同时期的经济社会现实又对它产生了怎样的效应等问题,本文拟作四大部分：第一大部分也即第一章试图说明高利贷即为放贷取息这一观念是如何形成的,教会高利贷禁令是如何从《圣经》相关规定到早期教父相关教诲再到以后的各种反高利贷法令法规一步步积累并丰富的,以及教会高利贷学说是如何在西欧经济勃兴与文化智识复兴并发展的大背景下形成的。关于高利贷学说的形成,本部分所得出的基本结论是,它以教会的高利贷禁令为基本导向,借助诸如亚里士多德的相关学说和罗马法中的相关内容等古代智识资源,在经过早期经院学者的初步努力后,由圣托马斯·阿奎那在其四法理论语境中初步构建成型；在随后的时间里,诸经院学者继续展开对高利贷的讨论,使高利贷学说趋于成熟。成型的高利贷学说主要有两大维度或两大层面：神学层面和自然理性分析层面。第二大部分也即第二章旨在表明诸经院学者如何在神学层面(也即学说的第一大层面)展开对高利贷的分析,具体包括：他们如何阐明高利贷所包含的取息动机与神学意义上的“罪孽”之间的对应关系；高利贷与基督徒的慈善美德之间的冲突；以及高利贷如何成为一种“窃取上帝的时间”的行为。第三大部分也即第三章主要展示诸经院学者在自然法分析层面(也即学说的第二大层面)阐发高利贷与“公平正义”之间的矛盾。这一部分的具体任务有：解释高利贷如何与货币的两大属性——使用权与所有权的不可分离性以及不可增殖性相矛盾；高利贷对公平价格原则的违背以及在“公平价格”这一名头的保护下某些实质上的放贷取利行为如何逐渐与高利贷相区别；某些事实上的放贷取利行为如何凭借“损失补偿”(包括本金补偿和利润补偿)这一理由逐渐获得合法性；以及某些实际上的放贷取利行为如何依托“劳动报酬”名义最终与高利贷划清界线。第四大部分也即第四章重在考察教会高利贷学说作为经院学者的一种智识创造如何与同时期的西欧经济社会现实相适应,换言之,它在何种程度上具有有利于自身存在的现实条件,它又在何种程度上面临现实社会对它的挑战或曰现实困境,以及它作为一种经济伦理规条对当时乃至后世的社会产生了怎样的影响等。此部分的基本结论是,由于各经院学者的论说之间以及各自的论说内部存在这样或那样的歧异,教会高利贷学说的总体逻辑协调性与说服力受到影响,加之同时期不断出现的各种放贷取息行为的公开挑战或托名规避,教会高利贷学说的外在直接约制力大受影响；不过需要注意的是,尽管遇到各种现实困境,高利贷学说赖以存在的有利条件仍没有完全失去；即便就它的影响而言,它也不是一种空洞的、无意义的教条,因为随着它的外在直接约制力的损减,它逐渐内化为一种精神约制力,通过人的意识或精神影响人的行为。作为一种兼涉道德伦理与经济行为两大领域的理论,高利贷学说的现实与历史意义实际上已经超出了伦理价值一端,更具有如经济思想等方面的价值。
[Abstract]:In medieval Western Europe , or in the Roman Catholic Western Europe in the Middle Ages , it was not a matter of course to borrow and collect interest . In the eyes of the church in this period , the church had begun to oppose and condemn lending and interest - lending .
It is also the rational analysis and explanation that the church ' s high - interest loan prohibition can be extended into a theory of logic and system , that is , the theory of high - interest loan . In order to illustrate how the medieval church knows how to develop the high - interest loan from a law ( regulation ) into a theory , how to analyze the influence of the situation of the high - interest loan , and how the economic and social reality of the same period in turn have caused the effect to it , this paper intends to make four parts :

In the first part , the first chapter attempts to illustrate how the concept of high - interest loan is how to pay interest and interest , and how the high - interest loan prohibition is formed in a step - by - step basis of the relevant teachings of the Church and how the church ' s high - interest loan doctrine is based on the relevant teachings of the Church and the related content of Roman law .
In the following period , the scholars of the colleges and universities continued to expand their discussion on the high - interest loan , so that the theory of high - interest loans tends to mature . The formation of the theory of high - interest loan has two dimensions or two dimensions : theology and natural science .

The second part is the second chapter , which is the second chapter is to show how to analyze the high interest loan at the level of theology ( i.e . , the first aspect of the doctrine ) , including how they expound the corresponding relationship between the interest motivation and the " iniquity " in the sense of theology ;
The conflict between usury and the Christian virtues of Christians ;
And how it became a " time to steal God " .

In the third part , the third chapter mainly shows the contradiction between the high interest loan and the fairness and justice at the analysis level of the natural law ( i.e . , the second big level of the doctrine ) . The concrete task of this part is to explain how the two attributes _ right to use and ownership and the non - proliferative phase of the loan are inconsistent with the two large attributes _ right of ownership of the money .
The breach of fair price principle and how to distinguish certain substance loan - taking behavior gradually from the high - interest loan under the protection of " fair price " .
( b ) How certain de facto lending practices are gaining legitimacy by virtue of the " loss compensation " ( including the principal compensation and profit compensation ) ;
As well as how some of the actual loan - taking behavior depends on the " labor remuneration " , it is ultimately related to the high - interest loan .

In the fourth part , the fourth chapter focuses on the study of how to adapt the church ' s high - interest loan theory to the economic and social reality of Western Europe in the same period , in other words , how far it has the realistic conditions conducive to its existence .
It should be noted , however , that , despite the difficulties encountered , the conditions conducive to the existence of the theory of high - interest are still not completely lost ;
Even in terms of its influence , it is not a hollow , meaningless doctrine , because it gradually becomes a spiritual force , through the consciousness or spirit of human beings , as it decreases with the loss of direct force , as a theory of the two fields of moral ethics and economic behavior , the reality and historical significance of the theory of high interest has actually exceeded one end of the ethical value , and has more value such as economic thought and so on .
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K503;F831.6

【参考文献】