摩擦纳米发电机设计与制备及应用研究

发布时间：2018-05-28 06:37

本文选题：摩擦电效应 + 纳米发电机　；参考：《电子科技大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：摩擦起电现象作为一种极其普遍的物理现象,几乎存在于人们日常生活的各个方面。但是,摩擦起电常常被认为是一种负面效应,在许多情况下人们都通过各种技术和途径来防止摩擦起电的产生。最近,美国佐治亚理工学院的王中林教授小组发明了基于摩擦起电效应和静电感应耦合作用的摩擦纳米发电机(TENG),这种发电机能够用来将机械能转化为电能。TENG作为一种能量供给器件,其内部的两种摩擦电极性不同的材料在接触时由于摩擦电效应会在表面生成摩擦电荷,分离时由于电势差的作用会在外界电路上形成了电流输出。制备摩擦发电机的材料为日常生活最常见的材料,如纸张、纤维织物、聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)、聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)、铝(aluminum,Al)、聚氯乙烯(polyvinylchloride,PVC)、氟化乙丙烯(fluorinated ethylene propylene,FEP)等。TENG能用于收集各种形式的机械能量,比如人体运动、机械振动、旋转、风能、声波、水流、雨滴和海浪等。此外,通过将各种机械运动转化成电信号,摩擦纳米发电机可以作为自供能传感器来探测位移、速度、金属离子、湿度、温度、紫外光强等。本论文提出并设计了若干种不同结构、不同工作原理的TENG及基于TENG的自供能传感器。经过系统的实验测试和计算模拟,研究了TENG及自供能传感器的工作机制,同时进一步实现了TENG和自供能传感器的相关应用。本文的研究工作主要包括以下几点:1.甲基橙(MO)在紫外光的照射下能够被二氧化钛纳米颗粒光催化降解。紫外光照射下产生的光生空穴和电子能够迁移到二氧化钛颗粒表面,作为氧化还原反应源与吸附的反应剂反应,形成具有强氧化性的超氧阴离子、过氧化氢和羟基。这些氧化剂能分解水中的有机染料和污染物。本项研究采用一种以PTFE和Al为起电材料的接触分离式的TENG。这种发电机的输出端可以在MO中形成一个定向电场,有效地提高二氧化钛颗粒中光生空穴-电子对的拆分并抑制其复合,从而加强了光催化降解反应。由于光电耦合作用,在相同的120分钟的降解过程中,没有TENG辅助的MO降解率为27%,而具有TENG辅助的MO降解率为76%。这种摩擦发电机辅助光降解的方法在污水处理、水裂解和环境净化等方面都具有巨大的应用潜力。2.设计并制备出一种单电极的摩擦电传感器(SE-TES)用于监测塑料管道里的物体运动情况。这种设计新颖、成本低廉、结构简单的SE-TES由薄膜状的铜电极条和一根PTFE管构成。利用摩擦起电和静电感应的耦合作用,制备的传感器能够将被测物机械运动的动能转换为电极上的电信号。在管道外壁上布置均匀等距的铜电极条阵列可以用来探测管内被测物的运动位置和速度。这种位移传感器的信噪比可达到5.3×103。通过对被测物摩擦电信号的采集和处理,可以在显示屏或者led阵列上实时地检测管内物体的当前位置和运动信息。此外,这种基于摩擦电原理的自供能跟踪系统还能用于探测水管的堵塞位置。本项工作展示了摩擦电传感器用于自供能跟踪系统、管道堵塞探测、物流监控等方面的巨大潜力。3.研制出了一种全封闭的单电极摩擦发电机(s-teng)。这种s-teng结构上由表面纳米化的可溶性聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,pfa)小球、乳胶充气气球和位于气球底部的al电极构成。s-teng的工作机理是分成两个独立、分布的步骤:pfa球与乳胶气球之间接触摩擦起电以及带有电荷的pfa球和al电极之间的静电感应。通过实验测量和理论模拟,系统地研究了发电机工作长度和感应距离对其输出性能的影响。s-teng可以输出236v的开路电压和4.8μa的短路电流,并能作为持续稳定的电源同时点亮十余盏led。研制的s-teng在气流能量收集、空中导航和环境监控方面显示出了极大的应用潜力。4.对环境中水体能量的收集一直是世界范围内急需解决的技术难题。在本项工作中,先后设计并制备了收集水体静电能的固液界面静电摩擦发电机以及能够同时收集水体静电能和动能的复合型水能摩擦发电机。固液界面静电摩擦发电机结构上由fep薄膜以及薄膜下方的条状电极构成。波动的水浪非对称地屏蔽接触面表面的摩擦电极,从而导致了电极条之间自由电子的流动,进而实现发电。复合型水能摩擦发电机由两部分组成:固液界面静电发电机和撞击式摩擦发电机。其中,固液界面静电发电机由pfa薄膜以及薄膜下方的条状电极构成,用于收集固液界面的静电能。撞击式摩擦发电机由纳米化的ptfe薄膜、弹性的波浪电极构成,用于收集波浪冲击的动能。在传播速度为0.5m/s的水浪作用下,固液界面静电摩擦发电机和撞击式摩擦发电机的短路电流分别为5.1μa和4.3μa,能够同时点亮50盏led。考虑到自然水体中可含有矿物质和盐分,本项工作研究了水体中盐度对发电机输出性能的影响。此外,复合型摩擦发电机还能制成自供能的求救信号发生装置,能够用于水上搜救。考虑到此项技术的可扩展型,这种水能发电机在水能收集,环境监测和水上搜救等方面具有不可限量的发展潜力。5.摩擦发电机作为一种简单、可靠、廉价、有效的环境机械能收集方法,对其温度响应的研究工作还比较少。本项工作系统地研究了teng在77k到320k范围内的温度响应。先后研究了半导体/聚合物、表面修饰后的半导体/聚合物、金属/聚合物型teng的输出性能与温度的关系。测试结果表明,半导体/聚合物、表面修饰后的半导体/聚合物型的teng的输出电压和输出电流均随着温度的降低而降低;而金属/聚合物型TENG的电输出随着温度的降低而升高。从实验结果可知,TENG能够在77 K到320 K的温度范围内正常工作。基于PTFE和Al为接触材料的TENG在77 K条件下的输出电压输出比室温下增加了79.3%,并能作为持续稳定的电源同时点亮16盏LED。本项工作不仅为在极端环境条件下工作的TENG设计和封装奠定了夯实的基础,而且在理论分析上深入地讨论了摩擦起电原理。
[Abstract]:Friction lifting is an extremely common physical phenomenon, which almost exists in every aspect of people's daily life. However, friction lifting is often considered a negative effect. In many cases, people are able to prevent electricity from friction through various techniques and ways. Recently, the Wang Middle School of Georgia Institute of Technology in the United States The group invented the friction nanoscale generator (TENG) based on the frictional electric effect and the electrostatic induction coupling, which can be used to convert the mechanical energy into the electrical energy.TENG as an energy supply device. The two different materials in its internal friction electrode can generate friction on the surface due to the friction effect. The material of the friction generator is the most common material for daily life, such as paper, fiber fabric, polymethylsiloxane (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS), polytetrafluoroethylene (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE), aluminum (aluminum, Al), polyvinyl chloride (polyvin), and polyvinyl chloride (polyvin). Ylchloride, PVC), fluorinated ethylene propylene, FEP, etc..TENG can be used to collect various forms of mechanical energy, such as human motion, mechanical vibration, rotation, wind, sound wave, water flow, raindrops, and waves. In addition, by converting various mechanical motions into electrical signals, friction nanoscale can be used as a self supply sensor. The device is used to detect the displacement, velocity, metal ion, humidity, temperature, ultraviolet light intensity and so on. In this paper, several kinds of different structures, different working principles of TENG and TENG based self supply sensor are designed and designed. The working mechanism of TENG and self energy supply sensors is studied through the system experiment test and calculation, and the TENG is further realized. The research work in this paper mainly includes the following points: 1. the 1. methyl orange (MO) can be degraded by the photocatalytic degradation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles under ultraviolet light. The photogenerated holes and electrons produced by UV irradiation can be migrated to the surface of titanium dioxide particles as the source of redox reaction and adsorption. The reaction agent reacts to form a superoxide anion with strong oxidation, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl. These oxidants can decompose organic dyes and contaminants in water. In this study, the output end of a contact separation type TENG. generator with PTFE and Al as the electrical material can form a directional electric field in MO, which is effectively improved. The photocatalytic degradation reaction was enhanced by the splitting and inhibiting the recombination of the photogenerated hole electron pair in the titanium dioxide particles, and the degradation rate of MO was not TENG assisted in the same 120 minute degradation process due to the photoelectricity coupling, while the TENG assisted MO degradation rate was 76%., a method of assisted photodegradation of the friction generator. Sewage treatment, water cracking and environmental purification have great potential application potential.2. design and preparation of a single electrode friction electric sensor (SE-TES) for monitoring the motion of objects in plastic pipes. This novel design, low cost and simple structure of SE-TES consists of thin film copper electrode and a PTFE tube. The sensor can convert the kinetic energy of the mechanical motion of the measured object into the electrical signal on the electrode. The uniform equidistant copper electrode array on the outer wall of the pipe can be used to detect the motion position and speed of the measured object in the tube. The signal to noise ratio of the displacement sensor can reach 5.3 * 103.. By collecting and processing the friction signals of the measured objects, the current position and motion information of the objects in the tube can be detected on the display or LED array in real time. In addition, the self supply tracking system based on the principle of friction electricity can also be used to detect the plugging position of the pipe. This work shows the use of the friction sensor for self supply. The great potential of tracking system, pipeline plugging detection, logistics monitoring and so on.3. developed a completely closed single electrode friction generator (s-teng). This s-teng structure is composed of surface nanocrystalline soluble polytetrafluoroethylene (polytetrafluoroethylene, PFA) ball, latex inflatable balloon and Al electrode located at the bottom of the balloon to form.S-teng The working mechanism is divided into two independent and distributed steps: the contact friction between the PFA ball and the latex balloon and the electrostatic induction between the PFA ball with the charge and the Al electrode. Through the experimental measurement and the theoretical simulation, the effect of the generator working length and the induction distance on its output performance is systematically studied..s-teng can output 236v. Open circuit voltage and short circuit current of 4.8 Mu A, and can light up more than ten led. as the continuous and stable power supply, the s-teng in the air energy collection, air navigation and environmental monitoring shows great potential application potential.4. collection of water energy in the environment has been a technical problem urgently needed to be solved in the world. The electrostatic friction generator, which collects the electrostatic energy of the water body, and the composite water energy friction generator which can collect the static energy and kinetic energy of the water body at the same time, are designed and prepared. The structure of the electrostatic friction generator at the solid-liquid interface consists of the FEP film and the strip electrode under the film. The wave waves are not shielded asymmetrically. The friction electrode on the surface of the contact surface leads to the flow of free electrons between the electrodes, and then to achieve power generation. The composite type water energy friction generator consists of two parts: a solid-liquid interface electrostatic generator and an impact friction generator. The solid liquid interface electrostatic generator is composed of a PFA film and a strip electrode under the film. The electrostatic energy of the solid-liquid interface is collected. The impact type friction generator is composed of nanocrystalline PTFE film and elastic wave electrode, which is used to collect the kinetic energy of wave shock. The short-circuit current of the electrostatic friction generator and the impact type friction generator at the solid-liquid interface is 5.1 and 4.3 a respectively under the action of the wave velocity of 0.5m/s. In this work, the effect of salinity on the output performance of the generator is studied in this work. The effect of the salinity on the output performance of the generator is studied in this work. In addition, the composite type friction generator can also be made into a self powered rescue signal generator which can be used for water search and rescue. Considering the extensible type of this technology, this kind of water can generate electricity. The machine has unlimited development potential in water energy collection, environmental monitoring and water search and rescue..5. friction generator is a simple, reliable, cheap and effective environmental mechanical energy collection method. The research work on its temperature response is still relatively small. This work systematically studied the temperature response of Teng in the range of 77K to 320K. The relationship between semiconductor / polymer, surface modified semiconductor / polymer, metal / polymer type Teng's output performance and temperature is investigated. The test results show that the output voltage and output current of semiconductor / polymer, semiconductor / polymer type Teng after surface modification are reduced with the decrease of temperature; and metal / polymer type The electrical output of TENG increases with the decrease of temperature. It is known from the experimental results that TENG can work normally within the temperature range of 77 K to 320 K. The output voltage output of TENG based on PTFE and Al is 79.3% higher than room temperature under the condition of 77 K, and it can be used as a continuous and stable power supply to light up 16 LED. tasks at the same time. It lays a solid foundation for TENG design and encapsulation in extreme environmental conditions, and theoretically discusses the principle of tribo electrification.
【学位授予单位】：电子科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TM31

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