农村医疗废弃物回收处理系统的构建与优化

发布时间：2018-11-05 15:55

【摘要】：医疗废弃物处理不当引起的危害日趋严重,全世界每年约有520万人死于医疗废弃物暴露引起的疾病。由于医疗废弃物具有感染性、传染性、腐蚀性等特点,带来了潜在环境危害和公共卫生风险,在处理过程中存在对其危害认识不够、管理不规范、设施不健全、填埋不彻底、焚烧不充分、人员培训不足等问题,这些问题在农村地区尤为突出。基于此,本研究以系统论为视角,构建和优化我国农村医疗废弃物回收处理系统,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。本研究主要内容：在了解我国农村医疗废弃物管理现状及问题的基础上,以“减量化、再利用和资源化”为目标,从分类回收、设施构建、车辆路径、关键信息技术四个方面构建农村医疗废弃物回收处理系统优化框架。首先,分析农村医疗废弃物组成特点,给出分类方法；其次,结合农村医疗机构的分布特征,构建回收处理网络和暂存处选址优化模型；再次,结合危险物品运输相关理论,构建农村医疗废弃物车辆路径优化模型；最后,分析信息技术在农村医疗废弃物回收处理各环节的应用。本研究主要结论：(1)基于问卷调研和访谈,从博弈论、经济学角度构建农村医疗废弃物回收处理系统优化框架。(2)将农村医疗废弃物分为三类：一般废弃物、可循环利用废弃物和感染性废弃物,以“减量化”为目标,从环境行为角度,仿真在不同政策背景下,感染性废弃物产生量及相关变量的动态变化。(3)结合公共设施选址的要求,构建了暂存处选址的多目标渐进覆盖优化模型；在分析逆向物流回收物品特征和医疗废弃物特点的基础上,构建了带时间窗的车辆路径优化模型,并设计启发式算法,验证了模型和算法的有效性和可行性。(4)分析信息技术的适用性,构建面向农村的医疗废弃物多级协作信息技术平台。特色和创新点：(1)基于调研分析农村医疗废弃物构成特点的基础上,提出农村医疗废弃物分类方法,对感染性废弃物产生量建立系统动力学模型,模拟各变量对其影响程度。(2)引入渐进覆盖函数建立暂存处选址模型,考虑时间和容量约束建立车辆路径优化模型；并以新乡县为例,进行暂存处选址和运输路径优化。(3)从系统的角度出发,以农村医疗机构为对象,构建回收处理的系统优化框架并提出优化方法。
[Abstract]:The harm caused by improper treatment of medical waste is becoming more and more serious. Every year, about 5.2 million people die from the diseases caused by medical waste exposure in the world. Because medical waste is infectious, corrosive and so on, it brings potential environmental hazards and public health risks. In the process of treatment, there is not enough understanding of its harm, management is not standardized, facilities are not perfect, and landfills are not complete. Problems such as inadequate burning and inadequate training of personnel are particularly prominent in rural areas. Based on this, it is of great theoretical value and practical significance to construct and optimize the rural medical waste recovery and treatment system in our country from the perspective of system theory. The main contents of this study are as follows: on the basis of understanding the current situation and problems of rural medical waste management in China, aiming at "reduction, reuse and utilization", the paper aims at classified recovery, facility construction, vehicle routing, and so on. Key information technology four aspects of rural medical waste recycling system optimization framework. Firstly, the characteristics of rural medical waste are analyzed, and the classification method is given. Secondly, combined with the distribution characteristics of rural medical institutions, the optimal model of recycling treatment network and temporary location is constructed. Thirdly, combined with the theory of transportation of dangerous goods, the vehicle route optimization model of rural medical waste is constructed. Finally, the application of information technology in every link of rural medical waste recovery and treatment is analyzed. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) based on questionnaire investigation and interview, the optimization framework of rural medical waste recovery and treatment system is constructed from the perspective of game theory and economics. (2) the rural medical waste is divided into three categories: general waste. Recyclable waste and infectious waste, with the goal of "reduction", are simulated in different policy contexts from the point of view of environmental behavior. (3) combined with the requirements of public facilities location, a multi-objective incremental coverage optimization model for temporary location was constructed. On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of goods recovered by reverse logistics and medical waste, the vehicle routing optimization model with time window is constructed, and a heuristic algorithm is designed. The validity and feasibility of the model and algorithm are verified. (4) the applicability of information technology is analyzed and a multi-level cooperative information technology platform for medical waste is constructed. Characteristics and innovations: (1) based on the investigation and analysis of the characteristics of rural medical waste, the classification method of rural medical waste is put forward, and the system dynamic model of the quantity of infectious waste is established. The influence of each variable on it is simulated. (2) the incremental coverage function is introduced to establish the temporary location model, and the vehicle routing optimization model considering time and capacity constraints is established. Taking Xinxiang County as an example, the temporary storage location and transportation route optimization are carried out. (3) from the system point of view, taking rural medical institutions as the object, the system optimization framework for recycling treatment is constructed and the optimization method is put forward.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X799.5

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