基于夏季小气候改善的北京城市街区绿地格局优化研究

发布时间：2018-01-14 13:45

本文关键词：基于夏季小气候改善的北京城市街区绿地格局优化研究　出处：《北方工业大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：持续的城市扩张挑战了人类社会发展和生态保护需求,随之产生的城市生态问题愈加受到关注。城市微气候是人类生存环境、城市生态环境中的重要构成部分,适宜的规划与设计是改善微气候环境的基础。本文以城市夏季微气候为切入点,旨在通过梳理相关城市微气候与绿地的理论研究,结合北京城市街区绿地格局的调研、归纳整理,并运用城市微气候环境模拟软件ENVI-MET对微气候实测数据进行验证分析,探讨北京城市街区绿地格局对于城市夏季微气候的影响,研究不同的绿地格局类型分别营造的夏季微气候环境特征,最后运用软件模拟的方法提出基于微气候改善的绿地格局优化策略。通过对北京城市街区的调研、整理归纳出北京城市街区绿地格局的类型与特征,影响其形成的因素,得到五种街区绿地格局类型,即绿化围合型、建筑围合型、平行型、穿插型、混合散布型。实测与模拟表明,在北京的夏季7-8月,在同一时间处于不同绿地格局的各个测量点的温度变化有所差别,建筑围合型绿地受到建筑阴影的影响最大;平行型绿地、绿化围合型绿地对温度的上升有缓释作用;混合散布型绿地受到建筑阴影干扰最少,但温度上升的过程最快;穿插型绿地格局的降温程度优于平行型和绿化围合型。在相对湿度方面,绿化围合型绿地的相对湿度明显高于其他类型;建筑围合型受到建筑阴影、通风效果差的影响,不利于降温增湿;平行型绿地通风效果好,对于场地内的湿度稳定有影响;散布型、穿插型绿地由于绿地分散,不利于增湿。在风速方面,风速和建筑排布关联性强,建筑之间形成了速度相对平稳的峡谷风,两建筑顶端有明显的风速增速提高。针对平行型、建筑围合型、绿化围合型三种典型绿地格局内部模式变化的模拟结果的对比与分析,提出相应的街区绿地格局优化策略。在进行绿地格局的选择上,应选择通风好的绿地类型。建筑围合型的绿地受到建筑围合,绿地处于封闭状态,阻碍了风进入场地,致使场地内部通风效果差,因而造成了活动场地温度过高、相对湿度低的现象。其次场地要保证绿化量,绿化对于温湿环境、风环境的调节作用明显;结合夏季主导风向和建筑布局形式,合理设置步行道、铺装场地的位置,保证场地的通风,促进场地内部气流交换;最后,在场地北侧设置水体,水体能够弥补风速提高所流失的湿度,但水体自身也有温湿效应,距离活动场地应有一段距离,这样在调节场地整体小气候环境的同时,能够保证降低水体自身对环境所带来的湿热感。
[Abstract]:Sustainable urban expansion challenges the development of human society and ecological protection needs, and the resulting urban ecological problems are increasingly concerned. Urban microclimate is an important component of human survival environment and urban ecological environment. Appropriate planning and design is the basis for improving the microclimate environment. This paper aims at combing the theoretical research of urban microclimate and green space by combing the urban microclimate in summer. Combined with the investigation and research of the green space pattern in Beijing urban blocks, this paper summarizes and arranges the urban microclimate environment simulation software ENVI-MET to verify and analyze the measured data of microclimate. This paper discusses the influence of green space pattern in Beijing's urban blocks on the microclimate in summer, and studies the characteristics of microclimate environment created by different types of green space pattern in summer. Finally, by using the method of software simulation, the optimization strategy of green space pattern based on microclimate improvement is put forward. Through the investigation of Beijing urban block, the types and characteristics of green space pattern in Beijing urban block are summarized. Five types of green space pattern in Beijing are obtained, that is, green enclosure type, building enclosure type, parallel type, interspersed type, mixed dispersion type. The measured results and simulation results show that July to August of summer in Beijing. At the same time, the temperature variation of different measuring points in different green space patterns is different, and the architectural enclosed green space is the most affected by the architectural shadow. Parallel green space, green enclosed green space has a slow-release effect on the temperature rise; The mixed dispersal greenbelt is the least disturbed by the building shadow, but the process of temperature rising is the fastest. In terms of relative humidity, the relative humidity of green space is obviously higher than that of other types. The surrounding type of the building is affected by the shadow of the building and the poor ventilation effect, which is not conducive to cooling and humidifying. The ventilation effect of parallel green space is good, which has an effect on the stability of humidity in the field. Dispersion type, interspersed green space because of the dispersion of green space, is not conducive to humidification. In terms of wind speed, wind speed and architectural layout strong correlation between the formation of a relatively stable speed between the canyon wind. The wind speed increases obviously at the top of the two buildings. The comparison and analysis of the simulation results of three typical green space patterns: parallel type, building enclosure type and green enclosure type. Put forward the corresponding block green space pattern optimization strategy. In the choice of green space pattern, we should choose the well-ventilated green space type. The building enclosed green space is surrounded by the building, and the green space is in a closed state. Hinders the wind to enter the site, causes the site internal ventilation effect is poor, thus caused the activity site temperature too high, the relative humidity low phenomenon. Secondly, the site must guarantee the greening quantity, the greening to the warm and wet environment. The regulating effect of wind environment is obvious; Combined with the dominant wind direction in summer and architectural layout form, reasonable setting of walking path, paving site location, ensuring the ventilation of the site, promoting the exchange of air flow inside the site; Finally, set up water in the north side of the site, the water can make up for the loss of wind speed to improve the humidity, but the water itself also has the effect of temperature and humidity, there should be a distance from the site. While adjusting the whole microclimate of the site, it can reduce the moisture and heat of the water itself.
【学位授予单位】：北方工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TU985.2

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