木结构建筑火灾防控策略研究

发布时间：2018-04-26 04:16

本文选题：木结构 + 火灾探测器　；参考：《昆明理工大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：我国存在大量历史悠久的木结构建筑,这些建筑具有很高的文化和艺术价值。但由于木结构建筑火灾荷载大、火灾增长速率快、耐火等级低、用电用火条件复杂、消防设施落后、防火间距和灭火作战场地严重不足等原因,导致木结构建筑群起火概率高,火灾扑救难度大,且在起火后易迅速蔓延导致火烧连营。为提高木结构建筑的消防安全水平,降低火灾蔓延的风险,本文通过数值模拟和理论分析的方法,研究木结构建筑的火灾防控策略,主要工作和成果如下:1.获得了云南省典型木结构建筑中的探测器响应时间。利用火灾区域模拟软件FDS,对云南省典型的干栏式和合院式民居的探测器响应过程进行模拟,得到了探测器响应过程,确定了民居内感烟探测器和感温探测器的响应时间,给出了木结构建筑在消防队介入模型(FBIM)中使用的报警时间。2.研究了拆屋顶控火方法的有效性和时效性。利用FDS对翁丁村拆屋顶控火方法进行模拟,通过分析不同拆屋顶时刻的火灾热释放速率曲线,证明了这种方法的有效性,确定了拆屋顶方法的有效时间段为轰燃发生前,推导出了拆屋顶临界时间的理论计算公式。3.研究了利用防火布防止木结构建筑火灾蔓延的方法。利用差分法对一维导热过程进行数值求解,确定了防火布和空气夹层对防止火灾蔓延的有益效果,拟合得到了外墙升温曲线的计算公式和防火布临界厚度的计算公式,推导出了挂设防火布的临界时间的计算公式。并以丽江木结构民居为例,计算了街巷两侧的防火布临界厚度、挂设防火布的临界时间和外墙升温曲线。4.研究了消防队救援模型。引入消防队介入模型(FBIM),结合火灾发展过程和蔓延过程的计算公式得到了确定木结构建筑火灾热释放速率曲线的方法。介绍了灭火用水流量计算公式和灭火成功概率计算公式。以昆明市典型的合院式民居为例,利用Monte Carlo模拟方法,确定了昆明合院式民居的热释放速率曲线、消防队响应时间、消防队介入时间、灭火成功概率和灭火用水流量。5.研究了控火策略。根据火灾发展阶段的不同提出两个控火目标,组合不同的防灭火措施得到了 4种控火策略,以翁丁村民居、昆明民居和昆明某住宅三种不同类型的建筑为依据,对比分析了这三种建筑在不同灭火策略下完成目标的差异,得到如下结论:翁丁村仅依靠消防队进行灭火救援将会导致火烧连营,应考虑设置专职消防队或安装自动喷水灭火系统,且还应考虑利用拆屋顶和挂防火布方法控火。对于昆明的民居,现役消防队灭火成功概率偏低,应考虑设置专职消防队和自动喷水灭火系统,仅依靠现役消防队灭火时,需增配防火布用于防止火灾蔓延。对于现代住宅,靠路人报警和现役消防队,依然能将火灾控制在起火套间或防火分区内,可仅增加自动报警系统而不用设置额外的灭火措施。
[Abstract]:There are a large number of wooden structures with a long history in China, which are of high cultural and artistic value. However, due to the large fire load, rapid fire growth rate, low fire resistance, complex conditions of electric exergy, backward fire fighting facilities, fire prevention distance and serious shortage of fire fighting sites, wood structure buildings have high fire probability. The fire fighting is difficult, and it is easy to spread quickly after the fire. In order to improve the fire safety level of wood structure building and reduce the risk of fire spread, this paper studies the fire prevention and control strategy of wood structure building by means of numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. The main work and results are as follows: 1. The response time of detectors in typical wooden structures in Yunnan Province is obtained. In this paper, the response process of the detector in the typical residential buildings in Yunnan Province is simulated by using the fire area simulation software FDS, and the response time of the smoke detector and the temperature detector in the residential building is determined, and the response process of the detector is obtained, and the response time of the detector is determined. The alarm time used in the fire brigade intervention model (FBIMs) is given. 2. 2. The effectiveness and timeliness of the fire control method for roof removal are studied. The fire control method of roof demolition in Weng Ding village is simulated by FDS. By analyzing the heat release rate curve of fire at different roof demolition times, the validity of this method is proved, and the effective time period of roof demolition method is determined before detonation. The theoretical calculation formula of critical time for roof removal is derived. The method of preventing fire spread of wood structure building by fire proof cloth is studied. The numerical solution of one-dimensional heat conduction process is carried out by using the difference method, and the beneficial effects of fire-proof cloth and air interlayer on preventing fire spreading are determined, and the formulas for calculating the temperature rise curve of exterior wall and the critical thickness of fire-proof cloth are obtained by fitting. The formula for calculating the critical time of hoisting fire-proof cloth is derived. The critical thickness of fireproof cloth on both sides of street and lane, the critical time of setting fire cloth and the heating curve of exterior wall are calculated. The rescue model of fire brigade was studied. The fire brigade intervention model was introduced and the calculation formula of fire development and spread process was combined to obtain the method of determining the fire heat release rate curve of wood structure building. This paper introduces the formula for calculating the flow of fire water and the probability of fire extinguishing. Taking the typical residential houses in Kunming as an example, the heat release rate curve, the response time of fire brigade, the intervention time, the probability of fire extinguishing and the water flow of fire extinguishing were determined by using Monte Carlo simulation method. The fire control strategy is studied. According to the different stages of fire development, two fire control targets are put forward, and four fire control strategies are obtained by combining different fire prevention measures, which are based on three different types of buildings: Weng Ding villagers' residence, Kunming folk residence and Kunming residence. By comparing and analyzing the difference of the three kinds of buildings under different fire-extinguishing strategies, the conclusion is as follows: Onding village will only rely on fire brigade to carry out fire fighting and rescue, which will lead to the fire burning company camp. Consideration should be given to the installation of full-time fire brigades or automatic sprinkler systems, as well as fire control by means of roof removal and fire cloth hanging. For the residential buildings in Kunming, the successful fire fighting probability of active fire brigade is on the low side. It should be considered to set up full-time fire brigade and automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing system. When only relying on active fire brigade to extinguish fire, it is necessary to add fire-proof cloth to prevent fire spread. For modern residential buildings, depending on passers-by alarm and active fire brigade, the fire can still be controlled in a fire suite or fire prevention zone, and only automatic alarm system can be added without additional fire extinguishing measures.
【学位授予单位】：昆明理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TU998.1;TU366.2

【参考文献】