地下商业街火灾危险性评估及疏散研究

发布时间：2018-10-11 15:17

【摘要】：近年来,随着经济的快速发展和城市人口的不断增加,出现了大量体型庞大、功能复杂的地下商业街。然而地下商业街火灾事故频繁发生,越来越受到人们的关注。地下商业街火灾具有可燃物品多、通风条件差、用电设备多、火灾扑灭困难和人员疏散困难的特点。一旦发生火灾,容易造成大量人员伤亡和财产损失。因此,及时的控制火势,掌握火场中烟气的流动规律,使得人员可以安全疏散,减少人员伤亡,成为了地下商业街火灾研究的重要内容。应用数值模拟软件对地下商业街火灾烟气蔓延过程进行数值模拟,可以掌握地下商业街的烟气流动规律,对地下商业街火灾人员的逃生及消防人员的决策具有指导意义。本文针对地下商业街火灾事故频发的问题,通过分析当前国内外众多研究学者关于建筑火灾和人员疏散的研究成果,确定本文的研究对象和研究内容。通过对火灾数值模拟的基础理论以及火灾人员疏散的理论基础进行研究,为本文后面的模拟和疏散奠定了理论基础。利用多级可拓理论对某地下商业街的火灾风险状况进行分析,建立了包含建筑、电气、消防、应急、安全管理5个一级指标和22个二级指标的评价指标体系,通过计算得到该地下商业街的安全等级为较安全,仍然有较大发生火灾的可能性。根据最不利原则确定该地下商业街2个火源位置,以自动喷淋系统和排烟系统的有效和失效设置了8个火灾场景,利用火灾模拟软件FDS对该地下商业街的8个火灾场景进行模拟分析,确定不同火灾场景下各个出口的温度、CO浓度和能见度达到危险临界值的时间,即人员可用安全疏散时间。利用疏散模拟软件Pathfinder对人员疏散进行模拟,获得各个安全出口的所需安全疏散时间。最后,对比分析两个时间,得到各个出口的安全性,并对该地下商业街火灾预防与控制提出对策和措施。通过本文的研究可以掌握地下商业街火灾烟气蔓延规律,对人员的逃生和消防模拟训练提供一定的指导作用,也为地下商业街的防火措施提供合理化的对策措施。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the rapid development of economy and the increasing of urban population, a large number of underground commercial streets with large size and complex functions have appeared. However, underground commercial street fire accidents occur frequently, and people pay more and more attention to them. The fire in underground commercial street is characterized by many combustible items, poor ventilation, many electric equipments, difficulty in extinguishing fire and difficulty in evacuation. Once fire occurs, it is easy to cause a large number of casualties and property losses. Therefore, timely control of the fire, grasp the flow of smoke in the fire site, so that people can be safely evacuated, reduce casualties, has become an important part of the underground commercial street fire research. The numerical simulation software is used to simulate the smoke spread process of underground commercial street fire, which can master the smoke flow law of underground commercial street, and has guiding significance for the escape of fire personnel and the decision of fire fighting personnel in underground commercial street. Aiming at the problem of frequent fire accidents in underground commercial streets, this paper analyzes the research results of many domestic and foreign scholars on building fires and evacuation, and determines the research object and content of this paper. By studying the basic theory of fire numerical simulation and the theoretical basis of fire evacuation, this paper lays a theoretical foundation for the simulation and evacuation later in this paper. Based on the multilevel extension theory, this paper analyzes the fire risk situation of an underground commercial street, and establishes an evaluation index system, which includes 5 first-grade indexes and 22 second-class indexes of building, electrical, fire, emergency and safety management. The safety grade of the underground commercial street is calculated to be relatively safe, and there is still a great possibility of fire. According to the most disadvantageous principle, the location of two fire sources in the underground commercial street was determined, and eight fire scenarios were set up with the efficiency and failure of the automatic sprinkler system and the smoke exhaust system. The fire simulation software FDS is used to simulate and analyze the eight fire scenes in the underground commercial street. The temperature of each exit, the time of CO concentration and visibility reaching the critical value of danger under different fire scenarios are determined, that is, the safe evacuation time is available. The evacuation simulation software Pathfinder is used to simulate the evacuation, and the required safety evacuation time of each exit is obtained. Finally, the safety of each outlet is obtained by comparing and analyzing two times, and the countermeasures and measures for fire prevention and control of the underground commercial street are put forward. Through the research of this paper, we can master the law of smoke spread in underground commercial street fire, provide some guidance for personnel to escape and fire simulation training, and provide reasonable countermeasures for fire prevention measures of underground commercial street.
【学位授予单位】：湖南科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TU967;TU998.1

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