重庆市小学改造研究（1949-1953年）

发布时间：2018-10-16 13:48

【摘要】：政治上的根本改变,也带来了文化教育工作的改变。旧学校改造是新中国成立初期社会改造的主要内容,是巩固新生政权和发展新民主主义文化的重要途径。学校改造的目的在于将旧思想指导下的学校塑造成为革命的学校。因此,中共在接管重庆市小学的基础上,对重庆市小学的师生、管理体制以及教学方面进行了必要的革新。解放初,重庆市小学的接管,采取一面接一面管的办法。由于缺乏接管干部,文管会派出联络员和军事代表,采取了“维持原校”的方针,迅速接收了重庆市各小学。在管理阶段,重庆市加强了学校的行政管理,调整了学校的领导成分,维持了全市公立小学,整顿与巩固了私立小学,完成了在渝各工矿子弟小学的移交,但忽视了私塾的改造。经过接管,重庆市稳步地建立了新的文教秩序,为重庆市小学教育的顺利改造奠定了基础。新中国成立后,重庆市根据“教育向工农开门”的方针办学,在办学体制和学生管理方面,为工人子弟入学提供了便利的条件,有效解决了日益增长的入学需求和学校发展有限之间的矛盾。重庆市在致力于办好公办小学的同时,鼓励群众办学和厂矿办学,优先招收工人子弟。为解决家庭经济困难和贫苦烈士及贫苦革命军人子弟的入学问题,重庆市对其实行减免学杂费政策。为使超龄儿童获得受教育的机会,重庆市开办了超龄儿童速成班。但在师资、设备、毕业生安置等方面出现了尖锐矛盾。其根源在于新中国经济力量不足。教师是学校教育的主导力量。为落实新中国新民主主义的教育政策,转变或提高教师的思想政治水平和教学水平,重庆市历时3年左右,紧紧抓牢“政治可靠”的根本标准,采取了寒暑假集中改造、围绕抗美援朝等政治运动改造和经常性的在职学习等方式,分期分批对小学教师进行了初步的思想改造。无论采取何种方式,本次初步的思想改造教师都不曾脱离抗美援朝等政治运动,并一度发展成为思想改造运动。在以政治学习为主的同时,重庆市小学教师也进行了必要的业务学习,为教学改革扫除了一些障碍。新中国成立初期,重庆市小学教学改革的过程,可以说是向苏联学习的过程。在小学学制上改“四二”制为五年一贯制,采用苏联的现行教学计划和部分教材,在教法改革中深受苏联教育专家凯洛夫教学原则的影响。重庆市在努力推进课程、教学计划和教材趋同的同时,允许学制改革和超龄儿童速成班带来的不同。但由于经济能力有限和缺乏经验,在学习苏联中出现了生搬硬套等问题。五年一贯制被暂缓推行。在学习苏联先进教学理论和教学方法的过程中,出现了形式主义和教条主义的问题。所以,在当前教学改革中,应结合中国的国情,坚持批判的精神,合理借鉴国外的教学经验。新中国小学德育工作,关乎新中国的前途和命运。为了将小学生塑造成为爱国的社会主义建设者,重庆市在坚持课堂思想品德教育的同时,注重在课外活动中对学生开展隐性思想品德教育。尤其是改革了校园文化,依靠少年儿童队组织了丰富的校园文化活动。此外,重庆市结合抗美援朝等政治运动,组织儿童参加了游行示威等社会活动。但在做法上出现了课堂教育生硬、校外活动过多等问题,造成了学校教学混乱。新中国成立后,中共取得政权,并不意味着革命的完全成功。很多国民党残余势力仍然从事破坏活动。在经济水平较低、干部较少的条件下,中共采取了自己较为熟悉的“革命精神”和“革命方法”来进行小学改造工作。所以,在小学改造的过程中,政治运动成为了小学改造中的“法宝”,使小学改造的过程呈现了“运动化”和“阶级性”的特征。
[Abstract]:The fundamental change in politics also brings about the change of educational work. The reform of old school is the main content of the initial social transformation in new China, and it is an important way to consolidate the new democratic culture and to develop the new democratic culture. The aim of the school transformation is to shape the school under the guidance of old thought into a revolutionary school. Therefore, on the basis of taking over Chongqing's primary school, the Communist Party of China has made necessary innovations in the teachers and students, management system and teaching aspects of Chongqing's primary school. At the beginning of liberation, Chongqing's primary school took over and took a side-to-face approach. As a result of the lack of take-over cadres, the venturi will send military representatives and military representatives to take action "Maintenance of the original school" The guidelines for the rapid reception of primary schools in Chongqing. In the management phase, Chongqing strengthened the administration of the school, adjusted the school's leading component, maintained the public elementary school in the whole city, rectified and consolidated the private primary school, completed the handover of the primary school of the children in Chongqing, but neglected the reform of the private school. After taking over, Chongqing has steadily established a new teaching order and laid the foundation for the successful transformation of primary education in Chongqing. After the founding of the new China, Chongqing is based on "Open the door to the door." The policy of running schools, in terms of school-running system and student management, provides convenient conditions for the children's children to attend school, and effectively solves the contradiction between the increasing demands of entry and the limited development of schools. Chongqing is committed to running the primary school of the public, encouraging the masses to run schools and running schools, giving priority to the recruitment of workers' children. In order to solve the problems of family economic difficulties and the admission of martyrs and children of the revolutionary army, Chongqing has implemented the policy of reducing tuition and incidentals in Chongqing. In order to obtain the education opportunity for the super-aged children, Chongqing has set up an age-aged child fast-enrollment class. But there is a sharp contradiction between teachers, equipment and graduates. The root cause lies in the inadequacy of the new Chinese economy. The teacher is the leading force of school education. In order to implement the new democratic education policy in China, to change or improve the ideological and political level and teaching level of teachers, Chongqing is held firmly in Chongqing for three years. "Political and reliable" In this paper, the basic standards of the winter and summer holidays have been adopted, and the primary school teachers have been reformed in batches in different ways around the political campaigns such as the anti-American and aid dynasties and the regular on-the-job learning. Whatever the way, this preliminary ideological reform teacher did not come out of the political movement such as anti-American aid, and once developed into ideological reform movement. In the course of political study, the primary school teachers in Chongqing also carried out the necessary business study, which has cleared some obstacles for the teaching reform. At the beginning of the founding of New China, the process of teaching reform of primary school in Chongqing can be said to be the process of learning from the Soviet Union. Reform in primary school system "Four-second" The system is a five-year consistent system, which adopts the current teaching plan and some teaching materials of the Soviet Union, and is deeply influenced by the teaching principles of the Soviet educational experts Kellogv in the reform of teaching and teaching methods. Chongqing is trying to promote the convergence of curriculum, teaching plan and teaching materials, allowing for different educational system reform and fast-class children. However, due to the limited economic ability and lack of experience, problems such as hard-set and hard sleeves appeared in the study of the Soviet Union. Five-year follow-up has been suspended. In the process of studying the advanced teaching theories and teaching methods of the Soviet Union, the problems of formalist and doctrinism have arisen. Therefore, in the current teaching reform, it should combine China's national conditions, adhere to the spirit of criticism, and rationally use foreign teaching experience. The new Chinese primary school curriculum is about the future and destiny of the new China. In order to shape the pupils into patriotic socialist builders, Chongqing, while sticking to classroom ideological and moral education, pays more attention to the implicit ideological and moral education for students in extra-curricular activities. Especially reforming the campus culture, relying on the children's team to organize the rich campus culture activity. In addition, in combination with anti-US aid and other political campaigns, Chongqing organized children to participate in demonstrations and other social activities. However, in practice, there have been some problems in classroom education, too many out-of-school activities and so on, resulting in confusion in school teaching. After the founding of the new china, the communist party acquired power and did not mean the complete success of the revolution. Many Kuomintang remnants are still engaged in sabotage. Under the condition of lower economic level and less cadres, the Communist Party of China has taken its own familiarity "revolutionary spirit" and "revolutionary method" in ord to carry out primary school rehabilitation work. Therefore, in the course of the primary school transformation, the political movement has become the primary school transformation "Magic Weapons" so that the process of the primary school transformation is presented" Sports" and "Smoothness" and features of the present invention.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TU984.14

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