建筑工人危险感知能力的差异性研究

发布时间：2019-05-20 01:28

【摘要】：危险感知机制是建筑工人预防安全事故、保障人身安全的第一道安全防线。目前,针对我国建筑工人危险感知能力的研究相对匮乏。对此,本文从差异性分析的角度对相关问题进行了初步探索,主要研究过程及重要结论如下:(1)本文对建筑工人危险感知的基础理论进行了梳理,从中发现:建筑工人危险感知能力由危险感受能力、危险认知能力构成;危险感受效果会因危险目标对工人刺激程度不同以及工人对危险目标的敏感程度不同而产生差异;不同工人对不同危险目标的感知方式及感知结果不同。对此,可从不同角度对建筑工人危险感受能力及危险认知能力的差异性进行分析,以此探索建筑工人危险感知能力的差异性,具体如下:(2)本文从建筑工人危险搜索的基本特性、不同施工场景的危险易感知性2个角度对建筑工人危险感受能力的差异性进行了分析,主要研究过程及重要结论如下:1)通过开展眼动测试实验,对建筑工人危险搜索的基本特性及差异进行了探索。研究表明:工人在封闭、高危、频发、直观、强光、复杂场景中的危险搜索表现优于开放、低危、偶发、模糊、弱光、简单场景,表现为工人对危险目标的首次或者整体发现速度更快、危险信息提取效率更高。2)通过开展计算机模拟实验、眼动测试实验,探索了不同施工场景的危险易感知性差异及其影响。研究表明:封闭、低危、频发、直观、弱光、简单场景中的危险目标对工人的刺激程度更强,但工人对开放、高危、偶发、模糊、强光、复杂场景中危险目标的敏感性更高;工人在封闭、低危、偶发、直观、强光、简单场景中以目标导向搜索模式为主,开放、高危、频发、模糊、弱光、复杂场景中以任务驱动搜索模式为主;工人对封闭、频发、直观、弱光、复杂场景中危险目标搜索情况优于开放、偶发、模糊、强光、简单场景,表现为搜索结果准确性更高、敏感性偏差程度更小、危险搜索受干扰度更小;工人危险搜索的兴趣区域集中于自身视线范围的中间区域。(3)本文以心理测量的方式,从事故特点、人口学特征2个角度对建筑工人危险认知能力的差异性进行了分析,主要研究过程及重要结论如下:1)事故特点视角下的建筑工人危险认知差异方面,研究表明:事故危险程度评分结果与事故后果严重程度正相关,危险认知结果差异程度与事故后果严重程度负相关,建筑工人危险敏感性与事故发生可能性负相关;对于低危事故,危险程度评分结果与危险特征直观程度负相关;对于高危事故,危险程度评分结果与危险特征直观性正相关,危险认知结果差异程度与事故后果严重程度负相关。2)人口学特征视角下的建筑工人危险认知差异方面,研究表明:建筑工人的危险敏感性水平与工人经验积累变化近似呈“U”形曲线变化,危险认知偏差及认知能力水平与经验积累分别成负相关、正相关。建筑工人的危险敏感性、认知偏差及认知能力水平与工人文化素质分别成正相关、负相关、正相关,与工作情境优劣分别成正相关、负相关、正相关。工人经验不足时易发生代表性认知偏差,经验积累相对丰富时易出现易得性偏差、过度自信偏差,经验更为丰富时易出现归因偏差、过度自信偏差;较低文化素质工人易出现代表性认知偏差,而较高文化素质工人易出现过度自信及归因偏差;工人所处工作情境较差时易出现易得性偏差。
[Abstract]:The risk perception mechanism is the first safe line of defense for the construction workers to prevent the safety accidents and guarantee the personal safety. At present, the research on the risk perception ability of construction workers in China is relatively scarce. In this paper, the paper makes a preliminary exploration on the related problems from the angle of the difference analysis, and the main research process and the important conclusion are as follows: (1) The basic theory of the construction worker's hazard perception is analyzed, from which it is found that the construction worker's risk perception ability is made of the dangerous feeling ability, The risk perception effect is different from that of the hazard target to the worker's degree of stimulation and the degree of sensitivity of the worker to the dangerous target; the different workers' perception of the different dangerous target and the perceived result are different. In this way, the difference of the construction worker's risk perception ability and the risk cognition ability can be analyzed from different angles to explore the difference of the construction worker's risk perception ability, as follows: (2) The basic characteristics of the construction worker's dangerous search are as follows: The difference of the risk perception ability of the construction workers is analyzed by the hazard-sensitive two angles of different construction scenarios. The main research process and the important conclusions are as follows:1) The basic characteristics and differences of the construction worker's dangerous search are explored by carrying out the eye movement test experiment. The research shows that the risk search of workers in the closed, high-risk, frequent, intuitive, strong light and complex scene is superior to that of the open, low-risk, sporadic, fuzzy, weak-light and simple scene, which is the first time or the whole discovery speed of the worker to the dangerous target is faster, The risk information extraction efficiency is higher.2) By carrying out the computer simulation experiment and the eye movement test experiment, the risk-sensitive difference and the influence of different construction scenes are explored. The research shows that the risk target in the closed, low-risk, frequent, direct, low-light and simple scene is stronger than that of the workers, but the workers are more sensitive to the risk target in the open, high-risk, sporadic, fuzzy, strong-light and complex scenes; and the workers are in the closed, low-risk and sporadic, Intuitive, strong light, the target-oriented search mode is the main, open, high-risk, frequent, fuzzy, low-light, complex scene with the task-driven search mode in the simple scene; the worker is superior to the open, frequent, intuitive, weak light, and the dangerous target search in the complex scene is better than that of the open, Incidental, fuzzy, strong light and simple scene show that the accuracy of the search results is higher, the degree of sensitivity deviation is smaller, the risk search is less disturbed, and the area of interest of the worker's dangerous search is concentrated in the middle area of its own line of sight. (3) In this paper, the difference of the risk cognition ability of the construction workers is analyzed from the accident characteristics and the demographic characteristics in the way of the psychological measurement. The main research process and the important conclusion are as follows:1) The construction worker's dangerous cognitive difference in the perspective of the accident characteristics, The result of the study shows that the result of the accident risk degree is positively related to the severity of the accident, and the difference of the risk cognition result is negatively correlated with the severity of the accident, and the risk sensitivity of the construction worker is negatively correlated with the occurrence probability of the accident; and for the low-risk accident, the result of the risk degree score is negatively correlated with the visual degree of the dangerous characteristic; for the high-risk accident, the result of the risk degree score is positively related to the direct view of the dangerous characteristic, In that aspect of demographic characteristics, the study show that the risk sensitivity level of the construction workers and the change of the accumulated change of the worker's experience are approximately in the form of a "U"-shaped curve. There was a negative correlation between the level of risk cognition and the level of cognitive ability and the accumulation of experience. The risk sensitivity, cognitive deviation and cognitive ability of the construction workers were positively correlated with the worker's cultural quality. When the worker is inexperienced, the representative cognitive deviation is easy to occur, the experience accumulation is relatively rich, the easily-obtained deviation, the over-confidence deviation and the experience are more abundant, the attribution deviation and the excessive self-confidence deviation are easy to occur, the representative cognitive deviation of the lower cultural quality worker is easy to occur, However, the workers with higher cultural quality are prone to excessive self-confidence and attribution deviation, and the workers are prone to easily-obtained deviation when the working situation is poor.
【学位授予单位】：江苏大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TU714

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