基于“钻石模型”的我国新能源汽车产业竞争力分析

发布时间：2017-12-30 21:28

本文关键词：基于“钻石模型”的我国新能源汽车产业竞争力分析　出处：《东北财经大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：环境问题和能源问题是全世界面临的共同的难题。近年来,我国环境污染问题严重,2013年的雾霾来势汹汹席卷了整个中国,环境保护部发布的74个重要城市的空气质量报告显示,只有3个城市各项污染指标年均浓度均达到二级标准。此外,能源安全问题也困扰着我国。从2009年开始我国原油对外依存度就已超过了50%的警戒线,2013年我国石油对外依存度达到58%,未来如果爆发石油危机,就会对中国的汽车工业和汽车消费产生重大的不利影响,中国经济也将受到重大的打击。近期,我国自主品牌汽车销量连续下降,到2014年8月为止,我国自主品牌的传统汽车的销量已经连续下滑了12个月。因此,站在企业的角度,为了重塑自主品牌的形象,急需一个突破口来摆脱这种困境。新能源汽车的发展不仅有利于解决我国能源与环境的问题,也能帮助自主品牌汽车走出困境。将我国新能源汽车产业与国外新能源汽车产业对比有助于我们了解自己的优势、弥补自己的不足。首先,本文用钻石模型对我国新能源汽车产业的发展现状进行分析,可分为五个方面,分别是要素条件、需求条件、相关产业与支柱性产业、企业战略结构与竞争状况和政府政策条件。在要素条件方面,本文认为我国初级生产要素资源丰富,但在技术型人力、基础设施和技术资源方面相对比较匮乏,需要进一步投入。在需求条件方面,新能源汽车在我国具有广阔的市场前景。我国人口多,对汽车的需求量极大,近几年我国汽车的产销量保持着高速增长；从人均保有量来看,2013年我国汽车人均保有量仅为0.93台,与世界平均人均保有水平1.4台还有一定距离。但是目前我国私人对新能源汽车购买的积极性并不高,如何将这种潜在需求转变为真实的需求是一个需要解决的问题。在相关产业与支柱性产业方面,新能源汽车具有较长的产业链,产业链上游由电池、电机和电控等零部件供应商组成,产业链的下游由能源供电和基建服务企业构成。电池产业尤其是新能源汽车的动力电池的生产的技术壁垒较高,市场相对集中,获得关键技术需要大量研发资金的投入。我国是电机和电控的生产大国,但我国电机产品低端化状况明显,与国外发达国家产品质量相差较远,也不能满足新能源汽车所需电机质量要求。在企业战略、结构与竞争状况方面,近年来,随着新能源汽车的推广,国内已经掀起了一股新能源汽车的热潮,越来越多的国内车企开始生产新能源汽车。据调查,我国80%的汽车企业都有意向开发新能源汽车车型。我国自有品牌的汽车在感官品质、车型和性能上都处于该产业产品中比较低端的位置,品牌形象也是以“低质低价”为主,企业可以通过抓住发展型新能源汽车的契机改善品牌形象。政策方面,我国政府实行各种政策大力推动新能源汽车的发展,实现了其从无到有的跨越。接下来,本文基于钻石模型的五大要素将我国新能源汽车产业的竞争力放到全球范围内进行定量对比分析。在要素条件方面,本文以技术资源为代表进行综合分析。我国在研发投入和核心技术的掌握方面都处于劣势地位,除了个别领域外技术资源匮乏。通过数据的对比发现,我国研发投入占销售收入的比例比国外企业平均低2%。在需求条件方面,本文以销售数量为例与国际其他国家进行对比,数据显示从2011年以来我国与世界主要发达国家的新能源汽车需求量一直保持着稳定的增长。而今年的增长更加迅速,中国新能源汽车2014年上半年销售量已超过2013年全年销售总量,尤其是插电式混合动力汽车的增长较快。但无论重绝对销售量还是销售增长量来看我国新能源汽车的需求规模都不及日、美、欧等发达国家。在相关产业与支柱性产业方面,本文选取锂离子电池产业为代表与国外进行对比。生产数量上,日、韩、中三国占到全球99%(2011年)的市场份额,大规模生产的优势为我国发展锂离子动力电池产业建设完善的产业链提供了保证。但在动力电池领域,我国的市场份额较小韩国、日本、美国的锂离子动力电池凭借着高性能,在世界范围内领先。企业策略与竞争状态方面,以典型企业为代表进行对比。国内外新能源汽车企业的发展具有不同的特点,我国比亚迪汽车以成本领先的战略和差异化的战略占领市场,而国外新能源汽车企业在不同的技术基础上寻求突破。与其他国家的政府政策相比,我国投入了更多的财政资金扶持新能源汽车产业,并取得了良好的效果。但是从政策广度的角度,我国政策的覆盖面仍需加强。最后一部分中,本文结合美国、日本在发展新能源汽车产业的经验提出政策建议。新能源汽车在美国的发展开始于1993年由克林顿政府推行的新一代汽车合作计划。之后,经过三届政府的不断推动,占有一定的领先优势。首先,美国具有勇于创新的文化。无论是在新产品、新技术方面,还是在商业模式方面,美国都将“创新”,一词诠释的很好。这也是决定美国汽车在国际上获得竞争力的重要因素。美国企业在汽车的研发上投入了大量的资金,并且积极寻求商业模式的创新,涌现了许多为新能源汽车使用者服务的产业以及特斯拉这样的新能源汽车产业的黑马。另一方面,美国还具有成熟的消费市场支持新能源汽车快速的发展。美国收入水平高为新能源汽车的发展。日本各种自然资源匮乏,早早开始部署新能源汽车的发展。世界上首款混合动力汽车与纯电动汽车都是由日本汽车企业生产的。日本在新能源汽车的发展方面也有两大优势,分别是电池技术和联盟的优势。在电池技术方面,索尼是第一个将锂电池用于商业生产的公司,同时日本掌握着最尖端的电池生产技术。联盟方面,日本新能源汽车产业的发展与先进的电池技术的取得,离不开各相关产业合纵连横的发展。日本汽车企业与国内、国外的汽车企业或相关企业建立了大大小小众多形式的联盟。并且由日本新能源与产业技术综合开发机构(NEDO)进行管理与推进,保证联盟运作的高效性。最后,本文提出了提高我国新能源汽车产业国际竞争力的政策建议。
[Abstract]:The problems of environment and energy is a common problem facing the world. In recent years, the problem of environmental pollution is serious in China, 2013 haze swept the entire China menacing, 74 important city air quality report issued by the Ministry of environmental protection of the display, only 3 of the annual concentration of city pollution indicators have reached the two standards in addition. And energy security problems plaguing our country. From the beginning of 2009 China's dependence on foreign oil has been more than 50% of the cordon, in 2013 China's dependence on foreign oil reached 58%, the future if the outbreak of the oil crisis, will be on the Chinese automobile industry and automobile consumption have a significant adverse impact, the economy will also be China a major blow. Recently, China's independent brand car sales declined continuously until August 2014, China's own brand of traditional car sales have been falling for 12 months so, From the perspective of business, in order to reshape the image of brands, need a way to get out of this predicament. The development of new energy vehicles is not only conducive to solve China's energy and environmental problems, can also help the independent brand car out. China's new energy automotive industry and foreign new energy automobile industry compared to help we understand their own strengths, to make up for their deficiencies.
First of all, through the analysis of the current development of China's new energy automotive industry with the diamond model in this paper can be divided into five aspects, respectively is the factor conditions, demand conditions, related industries and pillar industry, enterprise strategy structure and competition situation and government policy conditions. In a factor, this paper argues that China is rich in primary the factors of production resources, but in technical manpower, infrastructure and technology resources is relatively scarce, the need for further investment. The demand condition, new energy vehicles has a broad market prospect in China. China has a large population, the great demand for cars, in recent years, China's automobile production and sales maintained the rapid growth of per capita; from the point of view, in 2013 China's car ownership per capita is only 0.93 units, with the world average per capita ownership level 1.4 units have a certain distance. But at present, the private purchase of new energy vehicles Buy the enthusiasm is not high, how to change the potential demand for the real demand is a problem to be solved. In the relevant industry and pillar industry, new energy vehicle has a long industrial chain, the upstream industry chain by the battery, motor and electric control parts suppliers, the downstream industry chain by energy power supply and infrastructure services enterprises constitute. Battery industry especially high technical barriers to the production of new energy car battery power, the market is relatively concentrated, key technology requires a lot of R & D funds. China is the largest producer of motor and electric control, but the low status of China's motor products is obvious, which is far away from the foreign products the quality of developed countries, can not meet the new energy vehicles required motor quality requirements. In the enterprise strategy, structure and competition situation in recent years, with the promotion of new energy vehicles, China By setting off a boom of new energy vehicles, more and more domestic car companies began production of new energy vehicles. According to the survey, 80% of China's automobile enterprises have the intention to develop new energy vehicles. Our own brand cars in the sensory quality, models and performance are in a relatively low position in the industry in the product, the brand image is dominated by "low quality", enterprises can seize the development of new energy vehicles. An opportunity to improve the brand image of the Chinese government to implement the policy, vigorously promote the development of new energy vehicles of various policy, realize the leap from scratch.
Next, the five factors of diamond model based on China's new energy automotive industry competitiveness in the global scope of quantitative comparative analysis. In the factor conditions, taking technology as the representative of resources were analyzed. China is in the inferior position in the R & D investment and the core technology of the hands, in addition to individual fields the lack of technical resources. Through the data comparison, China's R & D investment accounted for the proportion of sales revenue average lower than foreign enterprises 2%. in demand conditions, the number of sales as an example for other countries and international comparison, data show that since 2011 China and the main developed countries in the world of new energy automobile demand has been maintained a steady growth. And this year is growing more rapidly, China new energy vehicles in the first half of 2014 sales have exceeded the total amount of sales in the year 2013, especially the plug Hybrid electric vehicle is growing rapidly. But whether the weight of sales volume and sales growth absolute amount of new energy vehicles in China are not on the scale of demand, the United States, Europe and other developed countries. In the relevant industry and pillar industry, this paper selects the lithium-ion battery industry as the representative of the comparison with the foreign production. The number of days. South Korea, China, accounted for 99% of the global market share (2011), the advantages of mass production and provides the guarantee for China's development of lithium-ion battery industry to improve the construction of the industrial chain. But in the field of power battery, a small amount of market of our country South Korea, Japan, the United States of the lithium ion battery with high the performance, leading in the world. The enterprise strategy and competitive state, with the typical enterprises represented at home and abroad are compared. The development of new energy automobile enterprises have different characteristics, BYD cars in China cost The leading strategy and difference strategy to dominate the market, while the foreign new energy automobile enterprises to seek a breakthrough in technology on the basis of different. Compared with other countries of the government policy, China has invested more financial funds to support the new energy automotive industry, and have achieved good results. But from the point of view of China's policy of breadth. The policy coverage still needs to be strengthened.
The last part, according to the United States, Japan put forward policy suggestions on the development of new energy automotive industry experience. The development of new energy vehicles in the United States began in 1993 by the Clinton government of the partnership for a new generation of vehicles. Then, after the three session of the government continue to promote, occupy a certain advantage. First of all, the United States has innovative culture. Whether in new products, new technology, or in terms of the business model, the United States will be "innovation", the word interpretation is very good. This is an important factor in determining the U.S. auto gain international competitiveness. The enterprises invested a lot of money in the automotive research and development, innovation and actively seek business models, the emergence of a number of new energy vehicles for the user service industry and the new energy automotive industry Tesla horse. On the other hand, the United States also has a mature consumer For the market to support the development of new energy automobile fast. The high level of income for the development of new energy vehicles. All kinds of Japanese natural resources scarce, early deployment of the development of new energy vehicles. The world's first hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles are produced by the Japanese car companies. Japan also has two major advantages in the development of new energy vehicles, which are battery technology and the advantage of alliance. In battery technology, SONY is the first lithium battery for commercial production of the company, at the same time, Japan has the most advanced battery production technology. The alliance, made the development of new energy automotive industry in Japan and advanced battery technology, cannot do without the development of the related industries of hezonglianheng. Japan Automobile Enterprises and domestic and foreign automobile enterprises or enterprises to establish a large minority in various forms and new energy from Japan alliance. Finally, the policy recommendations for improving the competitiveness of China's new energy automotive industry are put forward, which is managed and promoted with the Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F426.471

【参考文献】