欧李产业发展中机械使用绩效的评价研究

发布时间：2019-05-12 00:42

【摘要】：欧李(Cerasus humilis (beg.) Sok)是我国特有的小灌木果树,耐旱,耐寒,耐瘠薄,经济与生态效益兼具。随着欧李种植面积的不断扩大,规模化、高效化是欧李产业发展的方向。用机械代替传统人力完成欧李产业各环节作业,可降低生产者劳动强度,大幅度提高生产效率。目前,我国果园整体机械化程度较低,而欧李产业从育苗到采后加工各环节中不仅劳力成本较高,而且专用机械设备普及率更低,因此研究专用于欧李的机械装备具有重要的现实意义。本文选择相关企业或单位中用于欧李产业开发的相关机械作为研究对象,对欧李产业中育苗机械、建园机械、管理机械、采收机械和果实处理机械等五个环节17种机械进行结构、操作、效率和作业质量的实际观察,记录所取得的数据,并对数据进行统计分析,综合评价各类机械的性能和潜力,同时提出了改进意见。主要结论如下：1、欧李育苗环节的机械使用频率较高,除扦插机械外,基本实现了全程机械操作。提升了苗床基质的标准化生产、提高了苗床床面的精细程度、提高了苗木起苗的质量,极大地降低了劳力成本,提高了苗木生产效率。2、欧李建园中使用专用机械提高了苗木的移栽效率,且种植后的株距、行距规范,但是机械设备维修和调整频繁较高,仍需提高机械的稳定性。3、欧李园管理中使用的机械较少,选用合理的割草机,不仅可以割草,而且可以兼顾欧李的平茬作业,实现了一机多用,但缺乏与欧李园农艺操作相配套的高地隙的拖拉机等动力与作业机械。4、欧李采收机械目前仅能实现人工剪取带果枝条的脱果环节,可以提高采果的生产效率,但停留在试验阶段,仍需研发大田一次性采收的大型机械。5、欧李果实处理环节中的榨汁机和欧李取核机实现了果肉和核的分离,前者处理的果肉可进一步进行果汁加工,后者由于机械的部件为铁质,以及果肉经过沤制,果肉不宜利用。欧李产业中尽管使用了较多的机械,但在苗木扦插、果实采收等环节还需加大研发’出适宜的机械,以进一步降低欧李产业中劳力成本,提高生产效率。还需要针对农艺操作的要求进行机械的配套,使机械的整体性、稳定性和作业效率更加提高。
[Abstract]:Ollie (Cerasus humilis (beg.) Sok) is a unique small shrubs and fruit trees in China, which is drought-tolerant, cold-tolerant, barren-tolerant, and has both economic and ecological benefits. With the continuous expansion of mulberry planting area, large-scale, high efficiency is the direction of the development of EU-Li industry. Replacing the traditional manpower with machinery can reduce the labor intensity of producers and greatly improve the production efficiency. At present, the overall mechanization of orchards in China is relatively low, while the European plum industry not only has a higher labor cost, but also has a lower popularization rate of special machinery and equipment from seedling raising to postharvest processing. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the mechanical equipment specially used in Ollie. In this paper, the related machinery used in the development of European plum industry is selected as the research object, and the seedling raising machinery, garden construction machinery and management machinery in the European plum industry are selected as the research object. 17 kinds of machinery, such as harvesting machinery and fruit processing machinery, were observed in structure, operation, efficiency and operation quality, the data were recorded, the data were statistically analyzed, and the performance and potential of all kinds of machinery were comprehensively evaluated. At the same time, some suggestions for improvement are put forward. The main conclusions are as follows: 1, the mechanical use frequency of the seedling raising link is high, except cutting machinery, the whole mechanical operation is basically realized. The standardized production of seedling bed matrix is improved, the fine degree of seedling bed surface is improved, the quality of seedling is improved, the labor cost is greatly reduced, and the seedling production efficiency is improved. 2, The use of special machinery in Oli Garden improves the transplanting efficiency of seedlings, and the plant spacing and row spacing after planting are standardized, but the maintenance and adjustment of mechanical equipment are frequent and high, so it is still necessary to improve the stability of machinery. 3. The machinery used in the management of Oli Garden is less, and the selection of reasonable lawn mower can not only mow grass, but also take into account the stubble operation of ou Li, which realizes the multi-use of one machine. However, there is a lack of power and working machinery, such as tractors with high ground gaps, which are compatible with the agronomic operation of Oli Garden. 4. At present, the Oli harvesting machinery can only achieve manual pruning of fruit-bearing branches at present, which can improve the production efficiency of fruit harvesting. However, at the experimental stage, there is still a need to develop large-scale machinery for one-off harvesting in the field. 5. The juicer in the processing link of Oli fruit and the European plum kernel extractor have achieved the separation of pulp and nucleus, and the pulp treated by the former can be further processed in juice processing. Because the mechanical parts are iron and the pulp is retted, the pulp is not suitable for use. Although more machinery is used in the European plum industry, it is necessary to increase the research and development of suitable machinery in seedling cutting, fruit harvesting and other links in order to further reduce the labor cost and improve the production efficiency. It is also necessary to match the machinery according to the requirements of agronomical operation, so that the integrity, stability and operation efficiency of the machinery can be improved.
【学位授予单位】：山西农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S233.74

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