小额贷款消费者权益保护研究

发布时间：2019-05-14 18:55

【摘要】：传统的金融机构总是将无法或难以提供担保的贫困人群排除在贷款服务或更广范围的金融服务之外，从而导致那些想改变生活窘况的贫穷者不得不寻求高利贷者的资金支持，并被迫忍受后者的盘剥。这类在经济上贫困但却有可能通过小额资金支持便能逐渐改变其困境的特殊群体，便是后来小额贷款业务所服务的对象，而发起小额贷款以帮助穷人脱贫的穆罕默德·尤努斯，也因其在此方面的卓越贡献而获得了2006年的诺贝尔和平奖。此后，小额贷款在全球，特别是亚非拉地区得到了迅猛发展。尽管期间于2010年爆发的印度小额贷款危机在一定程度上影响了小额贷款在全球的快速发展，但它并未从根本上扭转小额贷款在全球的进一步发展之趋势。相反，各国通过对印度小额贷款危机的反思，正积极采取各种措施以使这种以反贫困、促发展为目的的小额贷款走上更为健康和稳定的发展之路。我国的小额贷款从1994年中国社科院农村发展研究所在河北省易县成立了第一个小额贷款机构（“扶贫社”）开始算起，迄今已经走过了20年的历程。在这20年中，小额贷款原有的公益色彩因商业化大潮的影响越来越弱，而原本被作为扶贫对象而备受呵护的小额贷款消费者，也渐渐失去了当初的地位，且在小额贷款经营者日益严重且明显的盲目逐利的驱使下，小额贷款消费者的诸多正当和合法权益都遭到了严重侵害。由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机表明，对金融服务的消费者保护不力是引发本次危机的重要原因，而金融危机对诸多行业、国家乃至全球发展的负面影响则是有目共睹的，而且此种影响在较短时间内绝对难以消除。在小额贷款这一特殊金融服务中，倘若不以之为鉴而继续漠视这些处于极度弱势地位的消费者被侵害的事实，则其对全球发展之影响或将更为巨大且深远。仅从国内角度而言，漠视或纵容对小额贷款消费者的侵害，一则不利于法治社会下的消费者权利之保护，二则不利于小额贷款行业的健康发展，三则不利于我国减少社会贫困、保障改善民生、促进经济发展、维护社会稳定等诸多公益目的之实现。但不论从国际或是国内层面，从政府或是社会、民间层面而言，对新兴起的、具有一定公益性的小额贷款之消费者如何提供恰当的法律保护都是一个全新的课题。为此，本文需要从法律角度对小额贷款及其消费者进行界定，并以此作为分析相关问题的逻辑起点。在完成此种界定后，本文针对国内小额贷款发展现状，总结了目前该行业中存在的消费者保护问题，并对这些问题的成因进行了剖析。分析表明，导致我国小额贷款消费者诸多权益被侵害或无法获得充分保障的原因是多层面的，但相关立法保护不足却是其中颇为关键的原因之一。据此，本文首先从宏观角度出发，在分析了现有法律保护模式之不足的基础上，指出应为小额贷款消费者构建全新的“一般法”+“特别法”的法律保护模式，，以弥补原有的对此类特殊消费者仅有一般法保护的弊端。其次，为使此种保护模式得到落实并能妥善解决国内存在的小额贷款消费者保护问题，本文先从制度层面入手，论述了应如何以特别法的形式保护小额贷款消费者包括知情权、反歧视权、便捷、透明交易权、拒绝催收妨害权等在内的特别权利。最后，本文从技术层面出发，结合之前所分析的小额贷款消费者保护相关问题及其成因，有针对性地且较为全面和深入地探讨了应如何从立法、行政、司法、行业自律及社会力量的发挥等诸方面完善对小额贷款消费者的保护机制。本文在研究中综合采用了历史分析、经济分析、实证分析及比较研究等方法。这些方法的采用，使本文的论点和论据更具有可信性或说服力。而本文的创新之处在于，它首次从法律角度厘清了小额贷款及其消费者的含义，并首次全面分析了国内存在的小额贷款消费者保护问题，并在此基础上提出了相应的解决建议。总而言之，本文是学术界对小额贷款消费者这类特殊弱势群体予以法律保护的首次全面关注，愿其能为将来我国贫困主体的消费主权及接受公益服务的消费者权益之保护拉开序幕。
[Abstract]:Traditional financial institutions are always excluded from a loan service or a broader range of financial services from poor people who are unable or difficult to provide a guarantee, leading to the need for poor people who want to change their living conditions to seek financial support from high-interest lenders and to be forced to bear the latter's disk-stripping. Such economic poverty, but it is possible to gradually change the particular group of its plight through the support of micro-finance, is the object of the latter's service, and the launching of micro-credit to help the poor get out of poverty, Muhammad Yunus, The Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 was also obtained as a result of its outstanding contribution in this respect. Since then, micro-credit has developed rapidly in the global, especially in the Asia-Africa region. Although the Indian micro-credit crisis, which broke out in 2010, has some degree of impact on the rapid development of micro-credit in the world, it does not fundamentally reverse the trend of micro-credit to further develop in the world. On the contrary, through the reflection of the micro-credit crisis in India, various measures are being taken to bring this micro-loan in the form of anti-poverty and development to a more healthy and stable path of development. Since the establishment of the first micro-loan institution in Yixian, Hebei Province, from the beginning of the first micro-loan institution in Yixian, Hebei Province, China's micro-loan has passed the 20-year experience so far In the past 20 years, the original public interest of the micro-loan has become more and more weak due to the commercial tide, and the small-loan consumer, which has been taken care of as a pro-poor object, has gradually lost its original place As a result of the growing and obvious blind by-by-profit of small-loan operators, the legitimate and legitimate rights and interests of micro-credit consumers have been seriously violated. The global financial crisis triggered by the American subprime crisis has shown that poor consumer protection for financial services is an important cause of the crisis, and the negative impact of the financial crisis on many industries, countries, and even global development is a blind eye. and this effect is absolutely difficult to eliminate in a short period of time In addition to the fact that, in the special financial services of micro-credit, it is not intended to continue to ignore the fact that these consumers in an extremely vulnerable position have been violated, their impact on global development or will be even greater and deeper Far from the domestic point of view, it is not conducive to the protection of the consumer's rights under the rule of law, and the second is not conducive to the healthy development of the micro-credit industry, and the third is not conducive to the reduction of social poverty in our country and the improvement of the people For many public welfare purposes, such as life, economic development, social stability, etc. Now, no matter from the international or national level, from the government or the society and the civil society, how to provide the proper legal protection to the newly-rising and certain public welfare micro-credit consumers is a brand-new The purpose of this paper is to define the micro-credit and its consumers from the legal point of view. Starting from the completion of such a definition, the present situation of domestic micro-credit development is summarized, and the problems of consumer protection in the current industry are summarized, and the causes of these problems are summarized. An analysis is made. The analysis shows that the causes of many rights and interests of micro-credit consumers in China are infringed or cannot be fully guaranteed are multi-level, but the protection of relevant legislation is the key. Based on the analysis of the deficiency of the existing legal protection mode, the paper points out that the new "general method" + "lex specialis" legal protection should be constructed for the micro-credit consumers based on the analysis of the deficiency of the existing legal protection mode. The protection mode is used to make up for the original protection for such special consumers only Secondly, in order to ensure the implementation of this protection mode and to properly solve the problem of the protection of micro-credit consumers in China, this paper starts with the system level, and discusses how to protect the micro-credit consumers, including the right to know and the right of anti-discrimination, in the form of lex specialis. , convenience, transparency and transaction right, and refusal to take the right of obstruction, etc. In the end, from the technical level, this paper discusses the related problems and the causes of the micro-credit consumer protection before and after the combination, and discusses how to choose from the legislation, the administration and the administrative law in a more comprehensive and in-depth manner. The protection of micro-credit consumers is improved in such aspects as the administration of justice, the self-discipline of the industry and the exertion of the social forces. In this paper, historical analysis, economic analysis, empirical analysis and comparison are adopted in this paper. The use of these methods makes the arguments and arguments more credible. The innovation of this paper is that it first clarifies the meaning of the micro-loan and its consumers from the legal point of view, and analyses the problem of the protection of the micro-credit consumers in China for the first time, and puts forward corresponding measures. In summary, this paper is the first comprehensive concern of the academic community to the legal protection of the special vulnerable groups such as the micro-credit consumers, and is willing to be able to protect the consumer's sovereignty and the consumer's rights and interests of the public welfare service in the future.
【学位授予单位】：对外经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F832.4

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