美国的水权体系:原则、调适及中国借鉴

发布时间：2018-05-13 14:15

本文选题：水权制度 + 美国　；参考：《中国人口·资源与环境》2017年06期

【摘要】：水权是现代水治理体系中的关键环节;合理的水权制度有助于水资源的优化配置。我国旧有的水资源管理模式中水权不明晰、水权制度尚未建立健全,因而无法适应市场经济发展和水资源高效可持续利用的需要。美国的水权制度与其发达的市场经济相适应,其经验可资借鉴。美国的水资源治理实践表明,建立在市场经济基础之上、以法律和制度为保障的水权制度,对于水资源的高效配置和可持续利用具有积极的促进作用。对水资源财产权的明晰界定是美国水权制度的基石;水权的取得及其权责范围均有明确的法律规定并受法律保护。在保护私有水权的同时,美国水权制度兼顾联邦和地方利益,同时避免外部性产生。各州对水权的确权和管理因各自人文和自然状况的差异而异,但对水资源"合理有益的使用"是各州共有的理念。美国的水治理理念正从偏重水资源的经济价值转向日渐重视水的环境及人文价值。社会公平、效率的增进、交易成本的降低是美国水权制度演进的内在动力。经历了漫长的历史演化,美国的水权管理体系已日臻成熟,但依旧存在不同层面的水权冲突,因此仍然在实践中不断修正调适。我国应学习借鉴美国水治理的有益经验,并积极探索美国经验的中国转化。本文对美国现行水权体系中水权的取得、水权的范围以及水权的变更与中止进行了系统总结,并在此基础上对中国的水权制度建设提出构想,包括:以立法确立和保障水权、建立市场导向的水价形成机制、运用水价杠杆实施有效的水资源需求管理、培育水权交易市场、构建区域性水权管理规范等。
[Abstract]:Water right is the key link in modern water management system, and reasonable water right system is helpful to the optimal allocation of water resources. The water right is not clear in the old water resources management mode in our country, and the water right system has not been established and perfected yet, so it can not meet the needs of the development of market economy and the efficient and sustainable utilization of water resources. American water right system adapts to its developed market economy, and its experience can be used for reference. The practice of water resources management in the United States shows that the water right system, which is based on the market economy and guaranteed by law and system, plays an active role in promoting the efficient allocation and sustainable utilization of water resources. The clear definition of water resources property rights is the cornerstone of American water rights system, and the acquisition of water rights and the scope of their rights and responsibilities are clearly regulated and protected by law. While protecting private water rights, American water rights system takes into account federal and local interests while avoiding externalities. The right and management of water rights vary from state to state according to their own human and natural conditions, but "reasonable and beneficial use" of water resources is a common concept among states. The concept of water governance in the United States is changing from emphasizing the economic value of water resources to paying more and more attention to the environmental and human value of water. The improvement of social equity, efficiency and the reduction of transaction cost are the internal driving force of the evolution of American water right system. After a long history of evolution, the water right management system of the United States has matured day by day, but there are still different levels of water rights conflict, so it is still in practice to revise the adjustment. Our country should learn from the beneficial experience of American water management and actively explore the Chinese transformation of American experience. This paper systematically summarizes the acquisition of water right, the scope of water right and the change and suspension of water right in the current water right system of the United States, and on this basis puts forward some ideas for the construction of water right system in China, including: establishing and protecting water right by legislation. To establish a market-oriented water price formation mechanism, to use water price lever to implement effective water resources demand management, to cultivate water rights trading market, to construct regional water rights management norms, etc.
【作者单位】：西南财经大学中国西部经济研究中心;西南财经大学中国金融研究中心;安徽理工大学地球与环境学院;
【基金】：西南财经大学双一流建设项目基金“中国西部灾害区域的人口资源环境重建与经济社会可持续发展” 国家社会科学基金项目“三江源国家生态保护综合试验区建设的体制机制优化研究”(批准号:14XJY004);国家社会科学基金项目“我国粮食国际贸易战略研究”(批准号:14XJY004) 国家自然科学基金“空间计量经济学视角下产业集群对农村减贫作用的研究”(批准号:71503212)
【分类号】：F832.5;TV213.4

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