海带线粒体全基因组的解析及进化研究

发布时间：2018-01-03 12:43

本文关键词：海带线粒体全基因组的解析及进化研究　出处：《上海海洋大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：海带是一种大型海洋经济型海藻,在优化海洋生态系统结构、参与海洋碳循环、缓解海域富营养化、调节海洋酸化、清洁养殖海水等方面发挥了重要的作用。我国的大型褐藻养殖业每年创造数亿元的经济效益,其多细胞大型藻体的种质特性和海带养殖业的长久不衰是海带生态价值和经济价值得以发挥的重要因素。海带种质资源的保护和海带养殖群体遗传多样性研究变得更有意义。在经济上,海带被广泛用于食品与工业生产,作为原料之一被广泛应用于工业化工、生物制药、食品加工、军事等方面,与人类的生活生产有着十分密切的关系。在海洋生态中,作为海洋生态系统中的初级生产力,不仅能为海洋生物提供所需的生存环境,而且通过光合作用固定了大气中的二氧化碳,提供了海洋生物所需的食物与氧气,维持了海洋生态系统的平衡与稳定。我国作为海带养殖大国,海带年产量位于世界前列,但在海带长期的繁育养殖生产过程中,品种间杂交的遗传衰退和种质的品质下降等现象逐渐出现,导致了我国海带产量的大幅度下滑。从长远角度考虑,选育出优良高产的种质是海带养殖业亟待解决的问题。为此,我们首先要做的就是了解目前野生海带群体的遗传多样性,进而从种质选育方面提高我国海带产量及质量。线粒体是一种结构简单,DNA分子量小,能够独立复制,进行母系遗传且不易发生基因重组的细胞器,由于其稳定的遗传特性,线粒体被遗传学家长期作为研究群体遗传学与进化生物学的信息来源,成为研究生物线粒体DNA的功能模型,由于不易发生基因重组,可以对海带品系线粒体基因组的基因及遗传信息进行各品系间的遗传进化关系、遗传多样性的分析。对于提高海带产量及质量、指导海带的遗传育种具有重要的意义。本研究对来自我国渤海沿岸、黄海沿岸的3株养殖个体和来自日本北部、俄罗斯东部以及德国北部沿海地区的7株野生个体等10株海带品系Saccharina sp.ye-C5(NHD1939);Saccharina sp.ye-C6(NHD1940);Saccharina latissima ye-C14(NHD1941);Saccharina sp.ye-G(NHD1942);Saccharina sp.ye-C2(NHD1943);Saccharina sp.ye-C12(NHD1945);Saccharina sp.ye-F(NHD1946);Saccharina sp.ye-C(NHD1947);Saccharina sp.ye-B(NHD1948);Saccharina sp.ye-W(NHD1949)线粒体基因组进行综合的解析,首次对其各品系线粒体基因组进行了DNA提取,并运用生物信息学软件对其线粒体基因组进行了测序、拼接、注释,得到了10株海带品系线粒体的全基因组数据。统计了各品系基因数量皆为38个,基因组大小从37,609bp到37,673bp,根据各品系线粒体结构特征分别绘制了环形图谱,为以后海带品系的鉴定和进化研究奠定了基础。同已测序的其他12种褐藻线粒体基因组核酸序列一并构建了系统进化树,确定了各品系之间亲缘关系及进化关系:Saccharina sp.ye-C12、Saccharina sp.ye-C2、Saccharina sp.ye-W与日本真海带Saccharina sp.ye-C6的亲缘关系相对较近;Saccharina sp.ye-B、Saccharina sp.ye-G和Saccharina sp.ye-F之间有比较近的亲缘关系;Saccharina sp.ye-C5、长叶海带同属一枝;Saccharina sp.ye-C、革质海带有着较近的亲缘关系;Saccharina latissima ye-C14与Saccharina latissima亲缘关系较近。本研究首次全面对养殖和野生等10种海带品系进行了测序,为群体遗传的研究提供了基础数据来源。本研究通过对10株海带品系线粒体的单核苷酸变异分析,运用生物信息学相关的软件,以Saccharina japonica为参考品系,绘制了本研究中的10株海带品系线粒体基因位点变异及基因排列示意图与系统发育进化树。通过比较进化关系推测目前我国海带的养殖品种基本上都来源于日本北部的一种野生海带(真海带Saccharina sp.ye-C6),推测引种的过于单一和单一种质之间的连续自交,使得我国海带养殖品种遗传多样性迅速下降;通过基因位点变异研究发现,与养殖品系相比野生品系具有较高的遗传多样性,养殖品系遗传多样性较为单一,从而找到了养殖品种种质退化的遗传学证据;通过基因排列示意图可以看出,10株海带品系线粒体基因没有发生大规模的基因重排的现象,说明海带属发生分化时间较短,内部并没有发生较大的变异。
[Abstract]:Kelp is a large marine economic algae, in the optimization of marine ecosystem structure in the marine carbon cycle, alleviate eutrophication, regulate ocean acidification, play an important role in clean aquaculture and so on. Our kelp aquaculture annually to create hundreds of millions of dollars in economic benefits, the large multicellular algae germplasm the characteristics and the enduring kelp aquaculture is an important factor in ecological value and economic value. The kelp Laminaria germplasm resources protection and cultivation of Laminaria genetic diversity research moremeaningful. Economically, kelp is widely used in food and industrial production, as one of the raw materials have been widely used in chemical industry, bio pharmaceutical, food processing, military and other aspects, and has a very close relation with human life. In the marine ecosystem, as the primary productivity in the marine ecosystem And not only can provide the environment for the survival of marine organisms, but also through photosynthesis of atmospheric CO2, provide food and oxygen of marine organisms required, to maintain the balance and stability of the marine ecosystem in China. As the kelp farming country, kelp production in the world, but in the long-term breeding the production process of kelp, the phenomenon of varieties of hybrid genetic germplasm and declining quality decreased gradually, resulting in China's large kelp production decline. From a long-term point of view, with excellent quality and high yield is the kelp aquaculture problems to be solved. Therefore, the first thing we should do is to understand the current genetic diversity wild populations of Laminaria japonica, and improve the quality and yield of China from kelp germplasm breeding. Mitochondria is a kind of simple structure, small molecular weight DNA, capable of independent replication of Maternally inherited organelles and not easy recombination occur, due to its stable genetic characteristics, mitochondria are long-term studies of population genetics as geneticists and evolutionary biology of the sources of information, become the study of biological function model of mitochondrial DNA gene is not easy to happen due to heavy group of Laminaria japonica strains of genes in the mitochondrial genome and genetic information the genetic relationships between strains, analysis of genetic diversity. To improve the quality and yield of kelp, plays an important role in genetic breeding. The research on the guidance of kelp from China's Bohai coast, the Yellow Sea Coast 3 strains of breeding individuals and from northern Japan, eastern Russia and Germany in Northern coastal areas of the 7 strains wild individuals of 10 strains of Laminaria japonica strains Saccharina sp.ye-C5 (NHD1939); Saccharina sp.ye-C6 (NHD1940); Saccharina latissima ye-C14 (NHD1941); Saccharina sp.ye-G (NHD1942); Saccharina sp.ye-C2 (NHD1943); Saccharina sp.ye-C12 (NHD1945); Saccharina sp.ye-F (NHD1946); Saccharina sp.ye-C (NHD1947); Saccharina sp.ye-B (NHD1948); Saccharina sp.ye-W (NHD1949) in mitochondrial genome of comprehensive analysis, the strains of mitochondrial genome DNA extraction, and the use of bioinformatics the software was sequenced on the mitochondrial genome splicing, annotation, obtained the genome data of 10 strains of Laminaria japonica strains of mitochondria. Calculated the number of each strain were 38 genes, genome size from 37609bp to 37673bp, according to the structural characteristics of the mitochondrial DNA thendrew ring map, laid the foundation for identification and evolution for the future research of kelp lines. With the other 12 species of brown algae have sequenced the mitochondrial genome sequence together with the phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the relationship between, the lines The relationship and evolutionary relationships: Saccharina sp.ye-C12, Saccharina sp.ye-C2, Saccharina sp.ye-W and related Saccharina sp.ye-C6 Japan kelp relatively close; Saccharina sp.ye-B, have similar relationship between Saccharina sp.ye-G and Saccharina sp.ye-F; Saccharina sp.ye-C5, Ye Haidai Saccharina sp.ye-C, belong to the same branch; leathery kelp has a closer relationship; latissima ye-C14 and Saccharina Saccharina near latissima. This study is the first comprehensive phylogenetic relationship of cultured and wild 10 Laminaria japonica strains were sequenced, provides data sources for population genetic studies. The single nucleotide variation of 10 strains of kelp mitochondrial DNA analysis, using bioinformatics software, to Saccharina japonica as the reference strains, were drawn in the study of 10 strains of Laminaria japonica strains mitochondrial gene loci Genetic variation and phylogenetic tree and schematic arrangement of system development. Through the comparison of the evolutionary relationships that at present our country kelp breed basically comes from a wild kelp in northern Japan (Saccharina sp.ye-C6, kelp) were introduced that is single and single germplasm between, making China's genetic diversity of kelp varieties of rapid decline; through the study of mutation loci, genetic diversity compared with the wild strain breeding strains with high resistance, breeding strains of genetic diversity is relatively single, and found genetic evidence of degradation breeding germplasm; the gene schematic arrangement of mitochondrial genes can be seen, 10 strains of Laminaria japonica strains did not occur the phenomenon of large-scale gene rearrangement, indicating Laminaria differentiation occurred in a relatively short time, and there is no greater variation.

【学位授予单位】：上海海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S917.3

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