近千年来（960-1949AD）华北平原及毗邻地区蝗灾地理研究

发布时间：2018-02-23 17:39

本文关键词： 蝗灾时空特征环境意义社会影响 960-1949AD 华北平原及毗邻地区　出处：《西北大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在漫长的历史时期中,蝗灾与水灾、旱灾频发,成为影响人类社会的三大自然灾害。历史时期我国的蝗灾严重威胁农业生产,尤以华北平原及毗邻地区为最,成为我国蝗灾暴发的主要源地,因此选择华北平原及毗邻地区作为研究区开展研究具有特殊的意义。本文基于宋至民国时期区内的文献资料,建立和完善宋至民国时期华北平原及毗邻地区蝗灾数据库。从灾害地理学的视角,借助数理统计与GIS空间分析方法,在时间上,构建近千年来(960-1949AD)蝗灾的朝代、月份、等级、频数、县次序列并解析其周期特征,以及整合历史蝗灾记录的强度(等级)与规模(县次)构建的历史蝗灾指数序列,并尝试区分历史蝗灾记录的代次(夏蝗、秋蝗)属性,进而构建更为精细的历史蝗灾序列(夏蝗序列、秋蝗序列等);在空间上,绘制宋至民国时期各个朝代蝗灾发生县次的空间分布图,探究其差异与变化的原因,并对华北平原及毗邻地区蝗灾分布进行热点和趋势分析;最后解析蝗灾频发与大发的气候环境意义与社会影响,并总结历史时期的应对措施。结果显示:(1)近千年来(960-1949AD)华北平原及毗邻地区有711年发生过蝗灾,明清时期更为频繁;蝗灾主要发生在夏半年的四月至八月,其中六月和七月是蝗灾暴发的峰值月份,而冬半年的九月至次年三月较少;宋至民国时期蝗灾以Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级为主,平均等级为2.5。(2)在年代际变化上,华北五省蝗灾频数和县次具有相似的变化趋势,累积频数和累积县次呈现波动变化,10a尺度上蝗灾频数距平变化显示其数值具有明显的阶段性特征,大致可以划分为3个阶段,10a蝗灾频数和10a蝗灾县次整体上呈现线性上升趋势;夏蝗序列、秋蝗序列、蝗序列和综合蝗灾序列中县次、等级累加以及蝗灾指数的变化趋势一致;小波分析指示华北蝗灾存在330a和100a左右的长周期,以及30a和20a左右的短周期。(3)蝗灾空间分布具有明显的区域性特征,主要分布在黄河沿岸地区、湖区周边、长江沿岸地带,即蝗灾分布具有低海拔和“水缘性”特征;蝗灾在不同朝代的热点存在区域差异,蝗灾的热点区域即高发区域相对集中于湖泊周围和河流沿岸地区;蝗灾发生的县次在东西方向和南北方向上均呈现倒U型(中间高两边低)趋势,即华北平原及毗邻地区中部地区发生蝗灾的频率最高。(4)蝗灾的发生与冬半年温度的关系不明显;蝗灾序列与降水序列呈反相位对应、与Nino3指数呈正相位对应,即降水量减少,干旱程度的加剧,蝗灾发生的县次也随之增加;蝗灾与厄尔尼诺事件遥相关,这可能归因于“El Nino-华北干旱—蝗灾”关系链;特征水文时期的10a蝗灾频数与10年黄河决溢频数、10a潮灾频数对应关系良好,即黄河决溢和潮灾较为频繁发生时蝗灾也频发。(5)在社会影响方面,由于大范围蝗灾的发生,导致农作物减产,一方面,造成米价上升,经济恶化;另一方面,引发饥饿现象,加上古代卫生防御能力薄弱,最终导致瘟疫流行,形成“蝗灾-饥荒-瘟疫”灾害链,进而引起人口数量减少及社会动荡(如战乱等)。针对蝗灾造成的严重破坏,历史上智慧的劳动人民积极采取各种措施治理蝗灾,主要防治方法有人工防治法、农业防治法和生物防治法等。
[Abstract]:In the long historical period, the frequency of drought, floods and locust plagues, become the human society. Three natural disasters in the history of our country during the period of locust disaster serious threat to agricultural production, especially in the North China Plain and the adjacent area. China has become the main source of locust outbreak, so the choice of the North China Plain and the adjacent area as the study area to carry out the research is of special significance. This song to the Republic of China in the region of literature based on the establishment and improvement of the Song Dynasty to the period of the Republic of China and adjacent areas of the North China Plain locust disaster geography database. From the angle of view, by means of mathematical statistics and GIS spatial analysis methods in time, construction of nearly a thousand years (960-1949AD) of locusts Dynasty. In April, level, frequency, time sequence and analysis of its county cycle characteristics, and the strength of the integration of historical records of the locust (grade) and scale (county) construction of the historical locust plague index series, and try to district The historical record generation points of locusts (summer locust, autumn locust) attributes, and build more elaborate historical locust sequence (summer locust sequence, autumn locust sequence etc.); in the space, to map the spatial distribution of Song Dynasty to the Republic of various dynasties County locust plague the reasons for its difference and change and, on the North China Plain locust and adjacent areas by analyzing the distribution of hot spot and trend analysis; finally, the plague of locusts frequent hair and environmental significance and social influence, measures and summarizes the historical period. The results showed that: (1) in recent years (960-1949AD) in North China Plain and adjacent areas have 711 years had a plague of locusts, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties more frequently; locust plague occurred mainly in the first half of the summer from April to August, June and July is the peak month of locust outbreak, and the winter half of September to March of the following year less; Song Dynasty to the period of the Republic of China to plague grade II and III, the average etc. Grade 2.5. (2) in the decadal variation, frequency and time of locusts in five provinces of North China has a similar trend, the cumulative frequency and the cumulative time County fluctuated, 10a scale frequency anomaly change locust shows its value has obvious phase characteristics, can be divided into 3 stages, 10a frequency of locusts and 10A times on the locust County linear upward trend; summer autumn locust locust sequence, sequence, time sequence and comprehensive County locust locust sequence, the same trend of accumulation and grade index of wavelet analysis indicates the locust; locust has long period 330a in North China and 100A, and the short period of 30a and 20A (or so. 3) the spatial distribution of locusts has obvious regional characteristics, mainly distributed in the Yellow River coastal area, the lake surrounding areas along the Yangtze River, namely, locust distribution has low altitude and the "Water Margin" features in different dynasties; locust hot storage In the regional differences, regional hot locust area high is relatively concentrated in the coastal areas around the lake and river county; time of locust plague in the east-west and north-south direction showed inverted U type (high middle low on both sides) trend, namely the central part of the North China Plain and adjacent regions have the highest frequency of locust (4). The relationship between locust and winter temperature is not obvious; locust sequence showed anti phase corresponding to the precipitation sequence, corresponding with the Nino3 index is positive phase, the decrease of precipitation, drought intensifies, county locust plague also increased; the plague of locusts and El Nino teleconnection, which could be attributed to the "El Nino- drought in North China" chain; 10A - locust locust frequency characteristics of hydrological period and 10 years the Yellow River burst frequency, 10a frequency surge good relationship, namely the Yellow River burst and tidal disaster frequently occurs when the locust disaster is frequent (5) in the agency. Affect, due to the large range of plague of locusts, resulting in crop production, on the one hand, causing prices rise, deterioration of the economy; on the other hand, lead to hunger and ancient health defensive ability is weak, resulting in the formation of "locust plague, famine and plague -" disaster chain, which caused the decrease in the number of population and society unrest (such as war). For the serious damage caused by the plague, the history of the wisdom of working people actively take various measures to control the plague of locusts, the main control methods of artificial control, agricultural control and biological control method.

【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S433.2-09

【相似文献】