14-19世纪中英耕地面积数据梳理分析

发布时间：2018-03-20 23:05

  本文选题：人均耕地　切入点：人均收入　出处：《东北师范大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：耕地是农业社会主要的生产资料,也是家庭和个人最大的资产,还是家庭的主要收入来源,因而搜集个人和家庭拥有的耕地数量,寻找其变化的历史轨迹,就可以解释人均和户均收入及其资产变化的内在原因。这是本文研究的第一要义。同时影响人均户均占有耕地及其收入和资产的因素很多,如垦殖率、人口、复种指数、休耕比率；研究这些因素与人均户均占有耕地及其收入和资产的变动关系是本文研究的第二要义。我们通过梳理中英在1393-1914年的人均户均耕地面积的历史数据,从而进行了中英人均户均耕地的比较,来找到中英家庭和个人收入及其资产变化的历史原因,实现中英两国国民财富的比较。通过中英耕地垦殖率数据分析,中国内地在1887年的垦殖率12%,仍然大大低于英国的1400年的垦殖率25.54%,需要说明的是,我们统计的仅是中国内地地区,即不包括西藏、新疆、青海、内外蒙。中国内地的垦殖率,从明初的6.35%,到1887年的12%,增长了近一倍。而中国的人口却从6000多万增长到4亿多。这表明,中国的国土环境适合于农耕的土地占比过低,我们的内地地区平原过少,降水分布非常不均衡,因而人多地少,人均耕地面积大大低于英国。这是中国在1550年之前,劳动生产率和人均收入落后英国的主要原因。通过中英种植结构近代数据比较,我们发现中国的耕地主要用于粮食生产,而英国用于经济作物,特别是在1750以后。这表明英国的耕地种植面积逐步转向纺织原料、饲料和啤酒类等饮料的生产上,反映了英国人均收入的快速提高和消费结构的转型。而中国还停留在求温饱的水平上,中英两国人均收入在近代的差距不是在缩小,而是进一步拉大。通过中英耕作结构的比较,中国在1380-1700年期间,中国复种指数从120%增长到140%,而英国复种指数基本为0%。英国的休耕率从1380年的40%,降到1700年的20%,中国休耕比率基本为0%。复种指数反映中国人多地少,对土地过分使用；休耕率反映了英国人少地多,让土地休养生息,使土地合理利用。通过中英人均户均耕地面积数据比较,我们会发现,中英两国人均户均耕地面积都在下降,而英中人均耕地面积之差在缩小,从1393年的英中之差是19.94市亩,到1914年的1.19市亩。数据显示,英国人均和户均耕地下降的速度快于中国,这表明英国在后期的人口增长速度高于中国。但是中英人均和户均耕地数据的不断缩小,并不代表中国的生产率接近了英国,恰恰相反,英国的劳动生产率的增长速度大大快于中国。其原因就在于1550年之后,英国由于畜牧业和羊毛纺织业的发展,以及新航路的发现,英国岛国低成本航运业的优势,物流成本的大为下降,相比较中国,英国又获得了比人均耕地更大的竞争优势。这一时期,英国人均收入的提高,逐渐得益于毛纺织业发展,物流成本的下降和商业贸易的高速扩张,英国逐渐由农业立国转型为工业立国和贸易立国。所以说,1550年之前的英国人均收入高于中国,主要是具有人均耕地的优势；1550年之后的英国人均收入大大高于中国,主要是畜牧业和纺织业的发展,以及贸易的发展,这些新型的经济是英国的主要竞争优势。
[Abstract]:Cultivated land is the main agricultural production is also the largest social, family and personal or family assets, the main source of income, and to collect the quantity of cultivated land to individuals and families have the history to find the change, you can explain the per capita household income and assets and change the intrinsic reason. This is the essence of this study. At the same time, many factors affect the per capita household possession of cultivated land and income and assets, such as planting rate, population, multiple cropping index, fallow ratio; of these factors and the per capita possession of cultivated land and the change of relationship between income and assets is second points in this study. We sort through Britain in 1393-1914 years of historical data of cultivated land area per capita thus, compared the per capita arable land, historical reasons to find a British family and personal income and assets change, achieve both in Chinese and English Comparison of national wealth. Through the analysis of land reclamation rate data, Chinese mainland in 1887 the reclamation rate of 12%, still significantly lower than the UK 1400 reclamation rate of 25.54%, that is, we only China mainland statistics, which does not include Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, inner and Outer Mongolia. The reclamation rate of China the mainland, from early 6.35% to 12% in 1887, an increase of nearly doubled. China population has increased from about 60000000 to more than 400 million. This indicates that the China land environment suitable for farming land proportion is too low, the mainland area of our plain is too small, the rainfall distribution is very uneven, so fewer people and more, the per capita arable land area is much lower than that of the United Kingdom. It is China before 1550, labor productivity and per capita income behind Britain's main reasons. Through the planting structure of modern data comparison, we found that China agrarian landlord to be used for food The production, while the UK for economic crops, especially after 1750. This shows that the British farmland acreage gradually turned to the textile raw materials, feed and beer and other beverages production, reflects the transformation of British per capita income increased rapidly and the consumption structure. China still in seeking food and clothing on the level of the UK in modern times the per capita income gap is not narrowing, but further widening. By comparing the British farming structure, Chinese during 1380-1700 years, Chinese cropping index increased to 140% from 120%, while the UK cropping index is basically 0%. British fallow rate from 40% in 1380 to 20% in 1700, China fallow ratio 0%. multiple cropping index reflect Chinese much less, the excessive use of land; the fallow ratio reflects the British people less, let the land, the rational use of land by the British. The average number of per capita arable land area According to the comparison, we will find that the two countries per capita arable land area is decreasing, while the per capita arable land area is the difference in the narrow, from 1393 the difference is 19.94 mu, 1.19 mu in 1914. Data show that the UK's per capita and cultivated land decreased faster than the average China, suggesting that Britain is higher than China in the late growth rate of population. But the per capita and per household land data shrinking, does not represent Chinese productivity close to England, on the contrary, the British labor productivity growth rate significantly faster than Chinese. The reason is that after 1550, Britain because of the development of animal husbandry and wool textile industry, and the discovery of new en route, the British island low cost shipping industry advantage, the logistics cost is greatly decreased, compared to Chinese, Britain has achieved more than the per capita arable land competitive advantage. In this period, the British Increase in income, gradually due to the development of the textile industry, the rapid expansion of the logistics cost and decrease of commercial trade, Britain gradually by the Chinese agriculture transformation for industrial nations and trade. So, the per capita income before 1550 is higher than Chinese, mainly has both advantages of arable land per capita income in Britain; after 1550 is much higher than Chinese, mainly is the development of animal husbandry and textile industry, and the development of trade, the new economy is a major competitive advantage in the UK.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K107;F319
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本文编号：1641187