塔式高层建筑火灾应急管理机制研究

发布时间：2018-05-28 20:48

本文选题：塔式高层建筑 + 火灾　；参考：《中国矿业大学(北京)》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：进入21世纪以来,塔式高层建筑的火灾预防引起了人们的重视。由于塔式高层建筑的绝对高度和建筑布局的影响,当火灾发生时,火势容易自下而上迅速蔓延。塔式高层建筑火灾的应急管理在我国还处于不完善阶段。为了促进应急管理体系的建立,防范灾害的发生,本文希望通过对“塔式高层建筑火灾应急管理机制研究”,弥补现有理论的不足,并为实践提供帮助。在论文结构方面,第一章为绪论,介绍本次研究的背景、意义、创新和论文架构。理论意义：弥补现有研究不完善。据目前所查证的资料显示：关于塔式高层建筑类建筑物在突发火灾下的应急管理,在突发事件应急管理中有关组织行为、组织结构和个人行为的表现以及组织的平战结合—状态切换；“人群管理”在事件处置过程中的应用等为过去的报道中未见或鲜见的。此次研究将弥补现有的研究空白,并为今后的研究奠定重要基础。实践意义：有助于从根本上解决当前实践中存在的问题。本文对塔式高层建筑消防应急管理理论,针对单体建筑物多方面的管理和技术问题,结合计算机的应用,使所涉及的各部门深化系统管理的思想,简化工作的步骤,将文字化的应急预案模式改变为可视化、量化、贴近应用的模式。本文的研究成果通过融入整体规划,将直接服务于我国塔式高层建筑火灾的应急管理工作,改进当前工作中存在的不足,防止隐患的发生。第二章介绍应急管理的相关理论,以及在研究中对事件进行分类的方法。应急管理属于管理学的一个分支。它的内涵是指组织为应对各种突发危机情景所进行的规划决策、动态调整、化解处理、员工训练等活动的过程,其目的在于消除或降低突发性事件所带来的威胁及损失。从外延来看,应急管理应当包括管理的设计与管理活动的实施两个方面,因为在实践当中,应急管理并不仅是对突发事件管理的预期,更需要通过行动执行管理方案,真正将威胁降低。然后,分析火灾应急管理的理论。火灾应急管理的分析,可以看出其管理过程具有如下特点：第一,受到物理空间的影响。火灾不同一般的危机,在各种物理空间下蔓延的速度和影响的范围是不同的。所以对于火灾实施应急管理必须针对建筑物本身的特点,分析由此可能引发的火灾传播途径与速度,人群可以进行疏散的途径等。只有科学分析物理空间的特点才能实现有效的“人群管理”。第二,人群恐慌的影响更为明显。建筑物也是人群比较集中的地方。所以火灾发生时人群的恐慌行为会非常明显,并且较为集中。人群的恐慌行为将会造成混乱的局面,所以由此必须通过“人群管理”的方法来实现应急管理,即充分考虑到人的心理特征和行动期望,制定符合人群规律的应急管理方法。第三,对时间的要求更加严格。火灾是一项蔓延速度极快的灾害,所以必须在极短的时间内将应急管理的各项工作实施到位,否则可能带来的影响就会扩大,引发更多的人和物的损失。所以相关部门必须在事情计算出针对本建筑设施的人群疏散速度,以便在火灾发生时能够有条不紊地疏导人群。第三章探讨塔式高层建筑的特点与应急管理,并对火灾事件进行了实证研究与分类。国外典型塔式高层建筑火灾案例：2000年8月,莫斯科电视塔突然起火。在这场火灾中,共有7人遇难,火灾还造成莫斯科地区所有电视节目相继停播,寻呼台停止工作,甚至内务部和莫斯科急救系统的通讯也被迫中断。俄总统普京说,这次紧急事故再次表明,俄罗斯的重要设施和整个国家的状况不佳。第一,电视塔火灾损失的严重性。从莫斯科电视塔事故的发生可以看出,其损失情况是比较严重。一方面带来的人员的伤亡,另一方面更对电视塔的功能带来了影响。火灾过后,电视塔的功能并不能马上恢复。在此期间,电视塔的功能被部分搁置,使人们无法如往常获取相关的信息。当然这些问题也同时会产生严重的经济损失。所以莫斯科电视塔的火灾也给大家敲响了警钟,电视塔的火灾具有更强的损失程度。第二,缺乏应急管理意识。按照应急管理理论,塔式高层建筑在日常工作中就应当注意防微杜渐,警惕各种火灾隐患,进行预先处理。莫斯科电视塔是由于线路的超负荷所致,如果此前能够建立监督系统,完全可以发现线路已经超负荷运转,明确当前的温度已经处于危险状态,以便及时防止火灾发生。但是由于电视塔的工作人员并没能具备应急管理的前瞻性,所以火灾发生时无法缩小损失范围。第三,应急管理的必要。莫斯科电视塔是国际知名的塔式高层建筑之一,它的火灾使人们意识到了以往对电视塔应急管理的忽视。所以此后不少国家纷纷针对国内的电视塔研究应急管理的措施。这说明应急管理在塔式高层建筑的安全管理工作中是非常必要并且迫切的。虽然火灾的发生概率并不高,但有准备的防范已是必不可少。对塔式高层建筑消防管理综合评价是对塔式高层建筑平时状态下的消防管理考核的重要手段和重要工具,具有广泛的实用价值。在评价过程中,必须在评价指标的选取上紧密结合塔式高层建筑消防管理工作的实际情况,只有这样才能将综合评价的结果与实际情况做到基本相符。根据上述方法,我们可以对塔式高层建筑消防在置信水平λ为99%时候发现五个不同的分类分级,对全国的塔式高层建筑的消防管理工作提出方法,在实际管理中,对某个塔式高层建筑消防评价时可根据以往的的数据统计作出判断,如在某个分类等级以下时候,就必须对此塔式高层建筑进行整改或改造,以达到安全的目的。第四章论述博弈论在本次研究中的应用。分析并结合塔式高层建筑的建筑高度,如果在火灾发生时要求建筑内人员完全通过疏散楼梯有序的疏散到地面是不可能符合实际情况的。所以在参考很多消防疏散方面的资料和文章时发现,从事疏散问题研究的专家和学者通常建议在火灾发生时人员不要通过“一般电梯”进行疏散,而所谓的“一般电梯”通常指的是没有安全保障,在火灾发生时容易由于断电而中途停止运行,同时由于烟囱效应,这类电梯的电梯井会聚集大量烟气危及电梯内人员安全,而且部分电梯内所使用的装饰装修材料为可燃甚至易燃物,本身就有发生火灾或被引燃的可能性,这类电梯在火灾时有较大的危险性所以不能用于疏散。而在塔式高层建筑建设中的消防及疏散电梯在火灾时均使用消防专用电源,能保证在火灾时电梯仍能在人员控制下正常运行,且每部电梯的前室均是正压送风保证烟气不会侵入,电梯本身也有防火措施。在塔式高层建筑消防人员疏散中,使用楼梯进行疏散的同时使用消防电梯及疏散电梯进行辅助疏散是合理同时比较符合实际情况的。塔式高层建筑内管理人员的决策目标、决策准则与预案的生成。在给出博弈路径与支付向量的情况下,塔式高层建筑内管理人员需要决策：如何选择各个阶段的方案以使得在一定的决策准则之下多阶段方案序列(预案)能够达到决策目标。在此基础上,第五章研究了塔式高层建筑火灾应急管理体系的建立,包括消防人员、人群疏散、信息平台和组织机构等多个方面的建设。塔式高层建筑火灾应急管理预案是一项循环往复的工作过程,一次管理的结束并不意味着今后不再发生火灾事件。所以本次研究所设计的应急管理预案也将模型设计为循环方式。通过长期系统的管理工作,塔式高层建筑火灾的应急管理工作水平将会得到有效地提升,内部人员应对火灾的恐慌心理也会随之降低。火灾应急管理预案体系的设计结合了塔式高层建筑的特点与实际工作的逻辑分析,符合实践的需求，，对今后塔式高层建筑的火灾应急管理工作具有积极的指导意义。论文在研究过程中充分应用文献调研、案例分析、访谈、实证等多种研究方法,并在以下几方面有所创新：第一,针对塔式高层建筑这一微观建筑进行应急管理预案的设计。第二,本文系统总结了以塔式高层建筑应急管理为核心的各项理论及模型,创建了塔式高层建筑应急管理预案。第三,本文所提对策均服务于当前塔式高层建筑安全管理工作的实践。
[Abstract]:Since the twenty-first Century, the fire prevention of tower type high-rise buildings has attracted people's attention. Due to the influence of the absolute height and the architectural layout of the tower high-rise buildings, the fire spread easily from the bottom to the top of the fire. The emergency management of the tower type high-rise building fire is still in the imperfect stage in our country. This article hopes to make up for the deficiency of the existing theory and provide help for the practice. In the structure of the paper, the first chapter is the introduction, introducing the background, significance, innovation and structure of the paper. According to the present information, it is shown that the emergency management of tower type high-rise buildings in the emergency fire, the organization behavior, the performance of organization and individual behavior in the emergency management, the combination of the organization and the state switching, and the application of "human group management" in the event disposal process. This study will make up for the existing research gap and lay an important foundation for the future research. Practical significance is helpful to solve the problems existing in the current practice. With the application of the computer, all the departments involved will deepen the thought of system management, simplify the steps of the work and change the model of the written emergency plan to the model of visualization, quantification and close to the application. The research results of this paper will directly serve the emergency management of the fire in the tower type high-rise building in China. The second chapter introduces the related theories of emergency management and the method of classification of events in the study. Emergency management belongs to a branch of management. Its connotation refers to the planning decision, dynamic adjustment and dissolving place of organizations to deal with all kinds of sudden crisis situations. The purpose of the process of training, such as staff training, is to eliminate or reduce the threat and loss caused by sudden events. From the extension, emergency management should include two aspects of the implementation of management design and management activities, because in practice, emergency management is not only the expectation of emergency management, but also the need for action. Then, analyze the theory of fire emergency management, and analyze the fire emergency management theory. The analysis of fire emergency management can see that the management process has the following characteristics: first, it is affected by the physical space. The fire is different in the general crisis, and the range of speed and influence in various physical spaces is different. The emergency management of fire must be aimed at the characteristics of the building itself, analysis of the possible ways and speed of fire propagation and the way people can evacuate, and so on. Only by scientific analysis of the characteristics of physical space can the effective "crowd management" be realized. Second, the influence of people panic is more obvious. The panic behavior of the crowd will be very obvious and concentrated. The panic behavior of the crowd will cause chaos, so it is necessary to realize the emergency management through the method of "crowd management", that is, the psychological characteristics and the action expectations of the people are fully taken into account, and the crowd rules are made to conform to the crowd rules. The emergency management method of law. Third, the demand for time is more stringent. Fire is a fast spreading disaster, so it is necessary to put the work of emergency management into place in a very short time, otherwise the possible impact will expand and cause more people and material losses. So the relevant departments must calculate it in the matter. In order to evacuate the crowd in this building, in order to easily guide the crowd in the case of fire. The third chapter discusses the characteristics and emergency management of the tower type high-rise buildings, and makes an empirical study and classification of the fire events. In August 2000, the fire case of the Moscow TV Tower was suddenly fired in August 2000. A total of 7 people were killed in the fire, and all television programs in the Moscow region were suspended, paging stations stopped working, and even the Ministry of the interior and the Moscow emergency system were forced to interrupt. President Putin said the emergency showed again that the important facilities in Russia and the country were in poor condition. First, television. From the occurrence of the Moscow TV Tower accident, it can be seen that the loss is more serious. On the one hand, the casualties and the function of the TV tower are more affected. After the fire, the function of the TV tower can not be recovered immediately. During this period, the function of the TV tower is partially shelved. People can't get relevant information as usual. Of course, these problems also cause serious economic losses. So the fire of the Moscow TV tower has also rounded the alarm. The fire of the TV tower has a stronger loss. Second, the lack of emergency management awareness. According to the theory of urgent management, tower type high-rise buildings are in daily work. Attention should be paid to prevention and treatment of various fire hazards and preprocessing of various fire hazards. The Moscow TV Tower is due to overloading of the line. If the supervision system has been established before, it can be found that the line has been overloaded and the current temperature is in a dangerous state so as to prevent the fire from happening in time. But because of it, it can prevent the fire from happening in time. The staff of the TV tower did not have the foresight of emergency management, so the fire could not reduce the scope of the loss. Third, the necessity of emergency management. The Moscow TV Tower is one of the internationally famous tower high-rise buildings. The fire caused people to realize the neglect of the emergency management of the TV tower. This shows that emergency management is very necessary and urgent in the safety management of tower high-rise buildings. Although the probability of the fire is not high, it is necessary to be prepared to prevent it. The comprehensive evaluation of the tower type high-rise building fire management is to build a tower type high-rise building. The important means and important tools of building fire management assessment under normal condition have extensive practical value. In the process of evaluation, the actual situation of fire management work of tower type high-rise buildings must be closely combined with the selection of evaluation indexes. Only in this way can the results of comprehensive evaluation be basically consistent with the actual situation. In this way, we can find five different classification and classifications for the tower type high-rise building when the confidence level is 99%, and put forward the methods for the fire management of the tower type high-rise buildings nationwide. In the actual management, the evaluation of a tower type high-rise building fire evaluation can be judged according to the previous data statistics, such as in a certain point. The tower type high-rise building must be rectify or reformed to achieve the purpose of safety. The fourth chapter discusses the application of the game theory in this study. It analyzes and combines the height of the tower type high-rise building, if it is required to evacuate the stairs to the ground completely through the evacuation staircase when the fire occurs. It is impossible to meet the actual situation. So in reference to a lot of fire evacuation information and articles, it is found that experts and scholars engaged in the study of evacuation problems usually suggest that people do not evacuate through "general elevators" when the fire occurs, and the so-called "general elevator" usually refers to the absence of security and the occurrence of a fire. At the same time, it is easy to stop running because of power failure. At the same time, because of the chimney effect, the elevator shaft of this kind of elevator will gather a lot of smoke to endanger the safety of the personnel in the elevator, and the decoration materials used in some elevators are flammable or flammable, and they have the possibility of fire or ignition. These elevators are larger in the fire. The fire and evacuation elevators in the tower type high-rise building use a special power supply for fire protection, which can guarantee the normal operation of the elevator under the control of the fire, and the front room of each elevator is a positive pressure supply to ensure that the smoke will not invade, and the elevator itself also has fire prevention measures. In the evacuation of tower type high-rise building, it is reasonable and more reasonable to use fire elevator and evacuate elevator to evacuate at the same time. The decision goals, decision criteria and plans are generated in the tower type high-rise building. In the case of game path and payment vector, the tower is a tower building. The management personnel in the high-rise building need to make decisions: how to choose the various stages of the plan so that the multi stage scheme sequence (plan) under the certain decision criteria can reach the decision goal. On this basis, the fifth chapter studies the establishment of fire emergency management system for tower type high-rise buildings, including firefighters, crowd evacuation and flat information. The emergency management plan for tower high-rise building fire emergency management is a cycle of work, and the end of one management does not mean that there is no fire in the future. Therefore, the emergency management plan designed by this research institute also sets the model into a cycle mode. The emergency management level of the tower type high-rise building fire will be improved effectively. The internal personnel should also reduce the panic mentality of the fire. The design of the fire emergency management plan system combined with the logical analysis of the characteristics and actual work of the tower type high-rise buildings, in line with the practical needs and the tower type high-rise buildings in the future. The work of fire emergency management has positive guiding significance. In the research process, the paper makes full use of literature research, case analysis, interview, empirical and other research methods, and some innovations are made in the following aspects: first, the design of emergency management plan for this micro building of tower high-rise building is designed. Second, this paper summarizes the system Based on the theory and model of the tower type high-rise building emergency management as the core, the emergency management plan for tower type high-rise buildings has been created. Third, the countermeasures mentioned in this paper serve the practice of the safety management of the tower type high-rise buildings.
【学位授予单位】：中国矿业大学(北京)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TU998.1

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