六朝荆扬二州小农经济状况与应对策略研究

发布时间：2018-06-23 20:34

本文选题：六朝 + 小农　；参考：《广西师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：在南方开发史上,六朝无疑是第一个关键时期。随着北方大量汉族人口南迁,六朝小农经济得到恢复和发展,商品交换也较北方为盛,小农群体一改秦汉“无冻饿之人,亦无千金之家”的经济面貌,呈现出纷繁复杂的时代特征。本论文综合运用《三国志》、《晋书》等传世文献与长沙走马楼吴简、郴州晋简等出土文献资料,运用历史文献考辨、历史计量法与社会学研究方法,围绕着六朝荆、扬二州小农经济环境、生存境况、收支状况与经济应对策略等主题展开研究。首先,论文概述了六朝时期荆、扬二州地区的温暖湿润气候环境与丰富的动植物资源,中原民众南迁,南方人口数量持续增长,荆、扬二州农业水利工程数量不断增加,农耕技术与农业稻田亩产量得到发展提高,总体上概括了六朝时期农业经济状况与农业发展不利因素。其次,论文从财政与货币角度,更具体地分析了六朝经济环境与小农生存境况。孙吴与东晋南朝时期,政府财政长期入不敷出,正陌足币供应缺乏导致通货紧缩,短钱流通致使交易不畅,市税繁重挫败了小农从事商品市场交换的积极性,与小农生活息息相关的米、布价格处于大幅波动下降中,小农交纳赋税的负担也随之进一步加重,南朝后期小农生活水平逐步恶化加重,小农的生存境况颇为艰难。第三,论文运用历史计量的方法,甄别相对有限的史料,通过分析小农主要消费产品价格,对六朝荆、扬二州小农的经济收支状况进行了初步的量化分析,估算中层小农年均经济收入与经济支出状况,得出六朝荆、扬二州小农阶层普遍入不敷出的经济状况。六朝小农经济受制于三个因素:自然灾害、战乱、大族侵夺与官吏聚敛,而荆、扬二州多数小农生存状况只是徘徊在温饱线上下,南朝后期不少小农甚至连基本温饱都得不到保障。因此,论文着重探究小农阶层为扭转经济日趋恶化的困境而采取不同的应对策略。大致概括为三大类:其一是积极参与市场交换、民间借贷、从事各种佣工等途径,作为小农生计的重要补充;其二是通过改籍注或仕进的途径,减少官府赋役方面支出,包括混入仕流,诈买军勋、爵位,入僧道户、著录官私学生等;或者通过欺骗、贿赂等途径,谎报年龄与疾病状况,或寻荫大户等,来躲避官府征发盘剥;其三是流亡至王朝控制薄弱地带,如进入“蛮”区、山泽屯聚地带,或由荆、扬地带流亡至北方政权辖境或岭南地区,这成为了他们绝处求生之法。综合而言,本论文主要探讨六朝时期小农经济状况以及小农应对经济困境所采取的各种策略,通过对小农经济收支结构的论述,阐明小农阶层普遍入不敷出的经济状况,这对进一步理解六朝时期南方“基本经济区”荆、扬二州官府、世家大族与小农经济结构的变化,深化对该地区小农经济恶化与生存应对的认识,从而理解六朝时期南方政权统治削弱乃至崩溃,以及最终南北一统的根本原因。
[Abstract]:In the history of southern development, the six dynasties were undoubtedly the first critical period. With the relocation of a large number of Han people in the north, the small peasant economy of the six dynasties was restored and developed, and the exchange of commodities became more prosperous than in the north. As soon as the small farmers changed the economic outlook of the Qin and Han dynasties, the "people without cold and hungry," there was no family of a thousand gold. It presents complicated features of the times. This paper synthetically uses the documents of the three Kingdoms, the Book of Jin, and other documents unearthed in Changsha, Wujian, Chenzhou, and so on, and makes use of historical documents, historical metrology and sociological research methods, and revolves around the six dynasties' Jingjing. Yanger state small peasant economy environment, survival situation, income and expenditure situation and economic coping strategy and other topics to carry out research. First of all, the paper summarizes the warm and humid climate environment and abundant animal and plant resources in the six dynasties period of Jingjing, Yangerzhou, the people of the Central Plains moving southward, the population of the south continuously increasing, the number of agricultural water conservancy projects in Yangerzhou increasing. The agricultural technology and the yield per mu of agricultural paddy were improved, which summarized the agricultural economic situation and the unfavorable factors of agricultural development in the six dynasties. Secondly, the thesis analyzes the economic environment and the living conditions of small farmers more concretely from the point of view of finance and currency. During the period of Soon-Wu and the Eastern Jin and Southern dynasties, the government's financial income was long beyond its means, and the lack of money supply led to deflation, and the short circulation of money resulted in poor transactions, and the heavy tax on the market thwarted the enthusiasm of small farmers to engage in the exchange of commodities. Closely related to the life of small farmers rice cloth prices in a large fluctuations in the decline the burden of small farmers to pay taxes is also further aggravated the living standards of small farmers deteriorated gradually in the late Southern Dynasty the living conditions of small farmers are quite difficult. Third, the paper uses the method of historical measurement, discriminates the relatively limited historical data, through the analysis small farmer main consumer product price, has carried on the preliminary quantitative analysis to the six dynasties Jing, Yang two states small farmers' economic income and expenditure situation. To estimate the average annual economic income and economic expenditure of middle-level small farmers, the economic situation of the six dynasties Jingjing and Yangerzhou smallholder farmers is generally beyond their means. The small peasant economy of the six dynasties was constrained by three factors: natural disasters, war chaos, the invasion of the great clan and the gathering of government officials, while the living conditions of most small farmers in the two states of Yangzhou were only hovering around the line of food and clothing. In the late Southern Dynasty, many small farmers were not even guaranteed basic food and clothing. Therefore, the paper focuses on the small-scale farmers to reverse the worsening plight of the economy to take different strategies. There are three broad categories: one is to take an active part in market exchange, private loans and other channels to engage in all kinds of domestic workers, as an important supplement to the livelihood of small farmers; the other is to reduce government expenditure on taxes and servitude by means of conversion notes or official advances. Including mixed into the official flow, fraud to buy military honours, titles, into monks and Taoist households, record officials and private students, or through deception, bribery and other channels, false reporting of age and disease, or seek shade of large families, to avoid government recruitment and exploitation; Third, exiled to the weak areas controlled by the dynasty, such as entering the "Man" region, the Yamagawa Tun area, or from Jing and Yang zones to the northern regime territory or Lingnan region, which became a way for them to survive. To sum up, this paper mainly discusses the situation of small-scale peasant economy in the six dynasties and the strategies adopted by small-scale farmers to cope with the economic difficulties. Through the discussion of the structure of income and expenditure of small-scale peasant economy, this paper clarifies the economic situation in which the income and expenditure of small-scale farmers are generally beyond their means. This will further understand the changes in the structure of the southern "basic economic zone" in the southern part of the six dynasties, as well as the official offices of Yangerzhou, the patriarchal families and the small-scale peasant economy, and deepen the understanding of the deterioration and survival of the small-scale peasant economy in the region. So as to understand the six dynasties Southern regime weakened and even collapsed, as well as the ultimate cause of the unification of the North and South.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K235

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