环境经济损失评估理论及应用研究

发布时间：2018-03-23 15:44

本文选题：环境污染　切入点：环境损失　出处：《复旦大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】：可持续发展是指既满足现代人的需求又不损害后代人满足需求的能力的发展。换句话说,就是指经济、社会、资源和环境协调发展。然而纵观世界各国的经济发展历史,不论是在发达工业国家还是发展中国家,它们在经济发展过程中都付出了不同程度的环境代价。随着环境污染的日趋严重,世界各国纷纷开始重视环境问题,众多的学术研究成果为政府的环境污染治理措施提供了强有力的理论支持。而影响环境政策制定及其有效实行的一个关键问题就是对环境污染造成的经济损失进行合理、准确的度量。本文的研究主题是环境损失经济核算的理论、方法和条件价值法(CVM)的应用实践。本文首先回顾了我国经济增长与环境污染的总体状况,并比较了发达工业国家、新兴工业国家和发展中国家在经济发展历程中的环境质量变化特征,发现各国在经济发展过程中都付出了不同程度的环境代价,因此环境问题已经成为各国决策者和学者的关注点。随后,本文从环境外部性的角度分析了导致环境质量下降和环境污染治理困难的根源所在,提出解决环境治理的市场失灵、政府失灵问题以及保证环境政策执行效果的关键是对环境损失的准确评价。本文的主体部分阐述了环境损失经济核算的理论基础,从多个层面分析了环境价值的内涵,说明了条件价值法的可行性。基于对不同的环境价值评估方法的比较,本文强调了条件价值法在非使用价值测量中的重要作用,并对条件价值法的理论基础、具体实施步骤、存在的争议以及该方法在国内外的研究现状进行了评述。本文在实证部分以上海市居民由空气污染造成的健康损失评估为例,对条件价值法进行了具体的实践运用,分析结果表明: (1)上海市居民为降低未来十年内千分之五(即每年万分之五)的死亡概率的支付意愿为741元/每年,由此推算的统计学生命价值为148.2万元,上海市由空气污染导致的经济损失为96.33亿元。(2)环境损失经济价值与区域社会经济水平和特征存在显著相关关系。上海市居民为空气质量改善的支付意愿与研究区域的年龄、收入水平、教育程度、健康状况和对保险的态度等因素具有显著的相关关系,各主要指标通过了有效性和可靠性检验。结论部分基于实证分析结论提出了相关的政策建议,并总结了条件价值法应用的经验和体会:条件价值法对环境资源非使用价值评估的优势;影响支付意愿的因素;条件价值法评估结果的有效性。对于条件价值法在国内的理论研究和应用前景,本文认为条件价值法的发展需要各学科的综合参与、融合,在国内具有广阔的应用前景,但是需要更多的实例来研究该方法的有效性和可靠性。
[Abstract]:Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of modern people without compromising the ability of future generations to meet them. In other words, it refers to the coordinated development of economy, society, resources and environment. In both developed and developing countries, they have paid varying degrees of environmental costs in the process of economic development. With the increasing pollution of the environment, countries all over the world have begun to attach importance to environmental problems. Many academic research results have provided strong theoretical support for the government's environmental pollution control measures. However, a key problem affecting the formulation and effective implementation of environmental policy is to make reasonable economic losses caused by environmental pollution. An accurate measure. The research topic of this paper is the theory, method and application practice of the economic accounting of environmental loss. Firstly, this paper reviews the general situation of economic growth and environmental pollution in China, and compares the developed industrial countries. The changing characteristics of environmental quality in the process of economic development of newly industrialized countries and developing countries show that all countries have paid varying degrees of environmental costs in the process of economic development. As a result, environmental problems have become the focus of attention of policy makers and scholars in various countries. Then, from the perspective of environmental externality, this paper analyzes the causes of environmental quality decline and environmental pollution management difficulties, and proposes to solve the market failure of environmental governance. The problem of government failure and the key to ensure the effect of environmental policy implementation are the accurate assessment of environmental losses. The main part of this paper expounds the theoretical basis of environmental loss and economic accounting, analyzes the connotation of environmental value from many aspects, and explains the feasibility of conditional value method. This paper emphasizes the important role of conditional value method in the measurement of non-use value, and discusses the theoretical basis and concrete implementation steps of conditional value method. In the empirical part, taking the health loss assessment of Shanghai residents caused by air pollution as an example, the conditional value method is applied in practice. The results show that:. (1) the willingness of Shanghai residents to pay for reducing the probability of death in the next 10 years by 5/1000 yuan (that is, 5/10000 per year) was 741 yuan per year, and the estimated statistical life value was 1.482 million yuan per year. The economic loss caused by air pollution in Shanghai is 9.633 billion yuan. (2) the economic value of environmental loss is significantly related to the social and economic level and characteristics of the region. The willingness of Shanghai residents to pay for air quality improvement is associated with the age of the study area. Income level, education level, health status and attitude to insurance have significant correlation, and the main indicators have passed the validity and reliability test. The conclusion is based on the conclusions of empirical analysis, and summarizes the experience and experience of the application of conditional value method: the advantage of conditional value method in the evaluation of non-use value of environmental resources, the factors affecting the willingness to pay; For the theoretical research and application prospect of conditional value method in China, this paper holds that the development of conditional value method needs the comprehensive participation and integration of various disciplines, and has a broad application prospect in China. But more examples are needed to study the effectiveness and reliability of the method.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：F224

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